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111.
112.
Francis J. Magilligan Patricia F. McDowell 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(4):867-878
ABSTRACT: Cattle grazing practices in the western United States have contributed to widespread riparian degradation resulting in unstable channel morphologies and the loss of fish habitat. Because of prolonged disturbance, numerous riparian areas on both public and private lands have been fenced to exclude cattle in order to promote vegetation establishment and riparian improvement. We selected four gravel-bedded, steep alluvial streams in eastern Oregon with cattle exclosures greater than 14 years old for an analysis of geomorphic adjustments following the removal of cattle grazing. We compare channels inside exclosures and in adjacent grazed reaches to identify the salient stream channel properties that respond to the removal of riparian stresses and to document the magnitude of these changes. Results indicate that significant changes occur, with reductions in bankfull dimensions and increases in pool area being the most common and identifiable changes. At all four sites, bankfull widths are narrower by 10 to 20 percent, and the percentage of channel area occupied by pools is higher in the exclosure by 8 to 15 percent. The increase in pool area is primarily offset by a reduction in the percent glide area. Not all of the channel properties demonstrate adjustment, indicating that perhaps 14 years is an insufficient duration for these variables to adjust. 相似文献
113.
A simple method for predicting the consequences of land management in urban habitats 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Land management in urban areas is characterized by the diversity of its goals and its physical expression in the landscape,
as well as by the frequency and often rapidity of change. Deliberate or accidental landscape alterations lead to changes in
habitat, some of which may be viewed as environmentally beneficial, others as detrimental. Evaluating what is there and how
changes may fit into the landscape context is therefore essential if informed land-management decisions are to be made.
The method presented here uses a simple ecological evaluation technique, employing a restricted number of evaluation criteria,
to gather a spatially complete data set. A geographical information system (GIS) is then used to combine the resulting scores
into a habitat value index (HVI). Using examples from Wolverhampton in the United Kingdom, existing real-world data are then
applied to land-management scenarios to predict probable landscape ecological consequences of habitat alteration.
The method provides an ecologically relevant, spatially complete evaluation of a large, diverse area in a short period of
time. This means that contextual effects of land-management decisions can be quickly visualized and remedial or mitigating
measures incorporated at an early stage without the requirement for complex modeling and prior to the detailed ecological
survey. The strengths of the method lie in providing a detailed information baseline that evaluates all habitats, not just
the traditional “quality” habitats, in a manner that is accessible to all potential users—from interested individuals to professional
planners. 相似文献
114.
在明确沈阳市 2 0 0 0年环保工作的指导思想后 ,着重就确保 2 0 0 0年“一控双达标”和“九五”计划目标的实现所确定的环保工作目标和为实现这一目标应完成的 10项工作任务作了较详尽地阐述。 相似文献
115.
第三代移动通信技术在消防中的运用 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
郑儒欣 《防灾科技学院学报》2009,11(3):56-60
移动通信网络技术、语音业务、宽带数据业务、规划与优化、管理与维护和新业务开放等方面技术日益成熟,功能日趋完善.本文通过对TD-SCDMA、WCDMA、CDMA2000三种不同的3G移动通信标准原理、终端、组网、业务、优化与规划等方面的比较,提出在消防通信领域运用第三代移动通信技术的具体方案. 相似文献
116.
Max Hofmann Laetitia M. Navarro Steve Carver Peter H. Verburg Henrique M. Pereira 《Conservation biology》2015,29(4):1017-1027
Farmland abandonment takes place across the world due to socio‐economic and ecological drivers. In Europe agricultural and environmental policies aim to prevent abandonment and halt ecological succession. Ecological rewilding has been recently proposed as an alternative strategy. We developed a framework to assess opportunities for rewilding across different dimensions of wilderness in Europe. We mapped artificial light, human accessibility based on transport infrastructure, proportion of harvested primary productivity (i.e., ecosystem productivity appropriated by humans through agriculture or forestry), and deviation from potential natural vegetation in areas projected to be abandoned by 2040. At the continental level, the levels of artificial light were low and the deviation from potential natural vegetation was high in areas of abandonment. The relative importance of wilderness metrics differed regionally and was strongly connected to local environmental and socio‐economic contexts. Large areas of projected abandonment were often located in or around Natura 2000 sites. Based on these results, we argue that management should be tailored to restore the aspects of wilderness that are lacking in each region. There are many remaining challenges regarding biodiversity in Europe, but megafauna species are already recovering. To further potentiate large‐scale rewilding, Natura 2000 management would need to incorporate rewilding approaches. Our framework can be applied to assessing rewilding opportunities and challenges in other world regions, and our results could guide redirection of subsidies to manage social‐ecological systems. 相似文献
117.
运用德国AUSTAL2000模型对某化工项目周边400 km2的矩形区域和36个环境敏感点NH3、H2 S浓度和恶臭发生频率进行了模拟计算,分析了该项目恶臭污染的影响程度和范围,并对各排放源的计算结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,预测范围内NH3、H2 S只有小时浓度最大值超标,占标率分别为139%和120%,超标面积分别为0.16 km2和0.13 km2,但恶臭发生频率超标较严重,最大值达到了86.7%,超标面积达40.8 km2;环境敏感点NH3、H2 S浓度均未超标,恶臭发生频率也仅有两个点位的最大值略高于标准限值;与面源的无组织排放相比,采取排气筒的排放方式可以明显降低周边区域污染物浓度和恶臭发生频率,减少恶臭污染面积. 相似文献
118.
上海南汇东滩鸟类栖息地营造工程的生境评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为应对长江口日益严峻的滨海湿地和鸟类栖息地丧失问题,上海南汇东滩鸟类栖息地营造工程采取地形构建与水位调控技术,营造了适宜鸟类栖息觅食的生态修复示范区。本项研究自2009年8月至2010年6月,跟踪监测了生态修复示范区内的植被生长参数(株高、密度、叶面积指数、地上生物量)、水体质量参数(氮磷营养盐和叶绿素a含量)以及土壤环境参数(电导率、pH值和重金属含量),分析和评价了该工程实施后的生态修复效果。结果表明,生态修复措施有效促进了本地物种芦苇群落的生长,一定程度上明显改善了示范区内的水体质量,维持了土壤重金属的低污染状态,有利于鸟类生物多样性的提高。说明南汇东滩鸟类栖息地营造工程取得了初步成效,呈现出较好的湿地修复效果。同时,应采取刈割与水位调节技术抑制外来物种互花米草,控制生态养殖规模,进一步改善鸟类栖息地生境质量。 相似文献
119.
目的针对装备向高温高速发展的需求,开展NiCr-Cr_3C_2、CoMoCr及NiCr Al Y涂层的高温摩擦磨损性能对比研究。方法针对上述三种涂层,通过超级爆炸喷涂工艺进行涂层制备,并测试涂层孔隙率、显微硬度、结合强度等基本性能,开展650℃/260 h的抗氧化试验和400、650℃的销盘式摩擦磨损试验,对比涂层的各项性能和在高温条件下的氧化质量增量、摩擦系数、磨损质量损失。结果抗氧化试验后,NiCr-Cr_3C_2、CoMoCrSi及NiCrAlY涂层氧化增重0.18、0.1、0.005 mg/(cm~2·h)。650℃时,摩擦系数分别为0.5、1.0、0.6。结论超级爆炸喷涂工艺制备的涂层组织、结合强度均优于等离子喷涂等常规喷涂工艺。高温下的氧化产物Co_3O_4与Cr_2O_3对高温摩擦系数有不同的影响。NiCr-75Cr_3C_2和NiCrAlY涂层在400、650℃可作为与SG37A材料的对磨副材料。 相似文献