气候变化背景下京津冀地区濒危水鸟潜在适宜区模拟及保护空缺分析

明确濒危水鸟栖息地分布并加以保护对于维持水鸟物种多样性和提高湿地环境质量具有重要意义.自1980年以来京津冀地区水鸟数量出现较大波动,为了分析濒危水鸟潜在分布区域及其变化特征,借助GIS平台和MaxEnt模型,基于2015年濒危水鸟"出现点"信息,定量识别了影响京津冀地区濒危水鸟分布的主要驱动因素和贡献率,并预测了2050年RCP2.6、RCP4.5、RCP8.5（依次代表低、中、高3种CO₂浓度排放模式）3种气候情景下濒危水鸟的潜在适宜区分布和保护空缺规律.结果表明:①京津冀地区濒危水鸟共有9种,东方白鹳、遗鸥和黑鹳3种濒危水鸟潜在适宜区面积较大.东方白鹳和遗鸥适宜区主要集中于环渤海湾沿岸和北京市中南部,黑鹳则主要集中于北京市南部房山区和东北部.②与2015年相比,2050年RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5三种气候情景下濒危水鸟适宜区面积均较大,相应适宜区面积增幅依次为96.24%、103.94%和65.51%,适宜区空间分布上向西南和东北方向扩张.③国家自然保护区对濒危水鸟潜在适宜区和热点区的覆盖率较低,相较天津市,河北省和北京市对这两个区域的覆盖不足.④在京津冀地区尺度下,不同情景下保护区覆盖濒危水鸟适宜区比例依次为基准情景（1.26%）> RCP8.5情景（1.11%）> RCP2.6情景（0.70%）> RCP4.5情景（0.29%）,保护区覆盖热点区比例依次为RCP4.5情景（0.83%）>基准情景（0.77%）> RCP8.5情景（0.08%）> RCP2.6情景（0）.研究显示,以单个水鸟为单位分析濒危水鸟潜在适宜区分布格局,能够精准有效地揭示国家自然保护区对濒危水鸟的覆盖情况.      

人与自然的关系及可持续发展

人与自然的关系经历了低生产力水平上的和谐及生产力极大发展状况下的冲突等阶段。在可持续发展下，人与自然可在新的高度下重新协调统一，但也存在许多矛盾，在一系列矛盾中，人类应选择整体性，协调渐进性，与经济持续发展相适应的原则来调整与自然的关系。     

Consumer response to integrated pest management and certification

This study investigated consumer awareness of integrated pest management (IPM) and the effects of two marketing strategies. Specific objectives were to find whether eastern Massachusetts farmstand and farmers' market customers purchasing sweet corn care how their food is grown, whether they are aware of IPM, whether they would prefer to buy IPM-certified sweet corn and why, and whether the marketing methods presently available to IPM-certified growers can enhance awareness of IPM. In 1993, the Massachusetts Department of Food and Agriculture in collaboration with the IPM Program at the University of Massachusetts began a pilot IPM certification program for sweet corn and strawberries, designated ‘Partners with Nature’ (PWN). This study compared a ‘passive’ and ‘active’ PWN marketing strategy with a control that did not have any PWN publicity. The passive strategy was simply display of a PWN certificate and poster. The active strategy also included newspaper advertisements, clear labeling of corn as IPM-certified at the point of selection, a PWN sticker placed on bags of corn at payment, personally thanking customers for ‘buying our IPM-certified sweet corn’, and IPM brochures available to customers. Thirty purchasers of IPM-grown corn were interviewed at each of six farmstands and six farmers' markets.The dominant reason why customers patronize farmstands and farmers' markets was convenience. As found by other northeastern surveys, awareness of IPM was low: only 19% had heard of IPM before the survey, and only 38% of these could mention a specific method used in IPM. Although 45% of the respondents initially said that they did not care how their food is grown, 85% said that they would prefer to buy IPM-certified sweet corn after hearing a short definition. The definition gave only environmental benefits, but 74% of the customers preferring IPM-certified corn said they would buy it because it is safer or healthier. Most of the respondents claimed that they would be willing to pay 10% more for IPM-certified corn. Simply displaying an IPM poster had no significant results on consumer preference for IPM-grown produce, but active marketing significantly raised awareness of IPM and the PWN program.This study demonstrated the willingness of customers to support IPM because they believe it will have positive consequences for human health and environmental quality. It is concluded that sweet corn marketing based on IPM certification positively influenced consumer reactions to IPM; and a more extensive, diverse marketing strategy would enhance consumer awareness and support.     

城口大巴山自然保护区现状及保护措施

在保护区物种资源和生态系统调查的基础上，结合保护区的实际情况和国家西部大开发生态环境保护政策，提出了保护区生物多样性保护措施。     

关于加强江苏省自然保护区建设与管理的几点思考

目前,江苏省已初步建成各级各类自然保护区,为全省生态环境保护奠定了基础,但是自然区保护与资源开发之间的矛盾业已成为江苏省自然保护区建设与管理中的主要问题之一.在仔细分析问题存在原因的基础上,提出了加强全省自然保护区建设与管理的一系列对策措施.     

尚勇自然保护区周边地区社会经济现状及可持续发展对策

采用多种调查技术与方法 ,对尚勇自然保护区周边地区社会经济现状进行分析。该区存在群众文化素质偏低 ,医疗卫生状况较差 ,农业生产方式落后 ,保护区管理缺乏群众参与 ,保护区管理部门与周边乡村关系不够融洽等问题。针对这些问题 ,相应地提出了社区社会经济可持续发展的一系列对策     

Strategies for Successful Marine Conservation: Integrating Socioeconomic, Political, and Scientific Factors

Abstract:  As the process of marine-protected-area design and implementation evolves, the incorporation of new tools will advance our ability to create and maintain effective protected areas. We reviewed characteristics and approaches that contribute to successful global marine conservation efforts. One successful characteristic emphasized in most case studies is the importance of incorporating stakeholders at all phases of the process. Clearly defined goals and objectives at all stages of the design process are important for improved communication and standardized expectations of stakeholder groups. The inclusion of available science to guide the size and design of marine protected areas and to guide clear monitoring strategies that assess success at scientific, social, and economic levels is also an important tool in the process. Common shortcomings in marine conservation planning strategies include government instability and resultant limitations to monitoring and enforcement, particularly in developing nations. Transferring knowledge to local community members has also presented challenges in areas where in situ training, local capacity, and existing infrastructure are sparse. Inaccessible, unavailable, or outdated science is often a limitation to conservation projects in developed and developing nations. To develop and maintain successful marine protected areas, it is necessary to acknowledge that each case is unique, to apply tools and lessons learned from other marine protected areas, and to maintain flexibility to adjust to the individual circumstances of the case at hand.