野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群生物量的影响

采用固定样方法和定位观察法连续测定了2003～2007年间卧龙自然保护区大熊猫野化培训圈内及其附近区域的拐棍竹无性系种群数量和生长发育特性等参数,运用收获法与非破坏性重量估测法建立了不同龄级和残桩的竹子种群和分株生物量估测模型,进而利用最佳模型计算并评估了野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群生物量和植株个体生物量的影响.结果表明:在环境条件、种群密度、生长发育特征和种群生物量等基本相似的基础上,大熊猫采食和人为砍伐不仅降低实验期间的竹子生物生产力,而且影响到后期阶段实验种群的恢复与发展.大熊猫采食样方中的竹子种群生物量虽然较对照样方低,就竹笋生物量而言,约为对照的57.79%,这与野化培训圈的面积较小、竹种单一而使采食比重(67.07%)较大有关,但其各龄级植株个体生物量均能达到大熊猫的取食利用标准(仅2004年生竹除外),具有持续供给大熊猫食物资源的潜力;而人为砍伐措施与大熊猫采食相比,影响效果极为强烈,它严重降低了拐棍竹无性系的种群生物量,尤其是竹笋重量更是如此,仅为对照样方的14.69%,且植株个体鲜重远低于大熊猫的觅食条件.因此,竹笋和无性系植株的生物量是大熊猫采食标准的主要因素.     

自然保护区聚落空间格局与演变的梯度效应——以贵州茂兰为例

研究自然保护区人类活动动态状况,对于加强自然保护区建设与管理具有重要意义。研究以三期高分辨率遥感影像为数据源,运用GIS技术和景观指数定量分析方法,分析了茂兰国家级自然保护区自1963年以来聚落(人类活动的中心场所)空间格局演变的梯度效应。结果表明:①在自然保护区自核心区到外围区,聚落规模、等级、形态等格局信息及其动态演变的梯度效应明显;②根据不同梯度区聚落空间格局演变及其对土地覆盖的影响特点,今后茂兰保护区规划管理应该考虑将洞多聚落迁出,使其不对核心区自然环境造成影响。同时,要加大对实验区聚落用地的管理力度,尽量减少人类活动对原生生态系统的不良影响;③设立保护区后,自核心区到外围区,景观多样性降低,土地利用综合程度指数变化进一步接近200,景观基质(森林)斑块增多,生态环境明显改善;④应加强保护区缓冲区距聚落200~800 m内的土地利用方式管理与生态建设。     

中亚热带森林土壤呼吸日变化及其与土壤温湿度的关系

森林土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统土壤呼吸的重要组成部分,其动态变化对全球碳平衡有着重要的影响。目前对中亚热带森林土壤呼吸的研究还比较薄弱。本次研究采用Li-8100采集土壤呼吸速率,同时测定土壤0-10 cm土壤含水量和15 cm处的土壤温度。通过分析所测数据研究井冈山国家级自然保护区中亚热带森林生态系统主要森林类型生长季土壤呼吸速率的日变化特征,并分析土壤温湿度与土壤呼吸的相关关系。结果表明,①各个森林类型的土壤呼吸作用在白天比较活跃,夜晚波动很小。峰值一般出现在10：00到14：00之间。日土壤呼吸强度曲线基本遵循倒U型。②阔叶林（优势种：甜槠Castanopsis eyrei（Champ.）Tutch）、针叶林（优势种：台湾松Pinus taiwanensis）、混交林（优势种：银木荷Schima argenteaPritz.和杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata（Lamb.）Hook）和竹林（优势种：毛竹Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.Pubescens）的土壤呼吸范围依次为：2.1~5.3、2.19~4.02、1.27~4.23、1.8~6.35μmol·m-2·s-1。混交林的平均土壤呼吸值远小于其他三种林,但其土壤温度相对较低,土壤温湿度的浮动范围较小。竹林和阔叶林虽然土壤呼吸均值较高,但其浮动范围较大,受环境影响较大,土壤温湿度变化较低。③用Excel和Sigmaplot软件统计分析4种林型的土壤呼吸数据,研究结果表明,阔叶林土壤呼吸和土壤温度相关性不显著;针叶林林型土壤体积含水量为25.02%是影响土壤呼吸速率的分界点;混交林林型土壤呼吸和温度存在倒U关系,会随着土壤体积含水量升高而降低;竹林的土壤呼吸速率也随着土壤体积含水量的增加而降低。总而言之,可能由于降雨量过大造成土壤孔隙度变小,进而影响了土壤呼吸作用的活跃度导致各个森林类型的土壤呼吸作用与土壤温湿度的相关性不大。     

Realizing the potential of GIS in community-based management of protected areas

SUMMARY

This paper explores the roles GIS technology can play in support of land management, focusing in particular on its application in protected environments such as Biosphere Reserves. These ecologically significant areas present complex planning situations since, unlike areas set aside solely for conservation, they must continue to support human populations that depend on natural resources for their economic and social well being. In situations such as marginal tropical locations, land managers often face major economic and political disincentives to the conservation of precious natural resources. The necessity for community participation and local expertise in the planning process becomes increasingly critical as GIS evolves from a basic presentation aid for spatial data to a synthesizing problem-solving tool. Coupled with enhanced community participation is the opportunity for greater education of stakeholders; the potential for GIS to serve as a medium for information gathering and dissemination is discussed. A case study in the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve (SMBR), México, is presented.     

内蒙古辉河国家级自然保护区湿地保护成效

为科学评估内蒙古辉河国家级自然保护区湿地保护成效,基于定量化、动态性和可操作性原则,构建了保护成效评估指标体系,并以保护区内湿地面积和水鸟多样性的动态监测结果为基础,对2004—2013年保护区湿地保护成效进行了研究. 结果表明:随着辉河国家级自然保护区管理局的组建以及对周边社区放牧和芦苇收割等管控力度的加强,近10 a来湿地保护效果良好,具体表现在保护区内湿地面积基本保持稳定(动态度指数为-0.178%),成片分布趋势增加(平均斑块面积增加53.44%),破碎化程度降低;此外,保护区内水鸟Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均增加较为明显,分别增加83.53%和88.50%;物种丰富度和濒危水鸟数量也呈缓慢增加趋势. 构建的湿地保护成效评估指标体系能够在一定程度上反映自然保护区对湿地的管护效果,建议保护区管理局进一步加强气候因素、水鸟生境质量以及辉河上游湿地的监测工作,并依据当地气候变化情况适当补水.      

Comanagement Practices Enhance Fisheries in Marine Protected Areas

Abstract:  Fishing activities worldwide have dramatically affected marine fish stocks and ecosystems. Marine protected areas (MPAs) with no-take zones may enhance fisheries, but empirical evidence of this is scant. We conducted a 4-year survey of fish catches around and within an MPA that was previously fully closed to fishing and then partially reopened under regulated comanaged fishing. In collaboration with the fishers and the MPA authority, we set the fishing effort and selected the gear to limit fishing impact on key fish predators, juvenile fish stage, and benthic communities and habitats. Within an adaptive comanagement framework, fishers agreed to reduce fishing effort if symptoms of overfishing were detected. We analyzed the temporal trends of catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of the whole species assemblages and CPUE of the four most valuable and frequent species observed inside the opened buffer zone and outside the MPA investigated. After the comanaged opening, CPUE first declined and then stabilized at levels more than twice that of catches obtained outside the MPA. Our results suggest that working closely with fishers can result in greater fisheries catches. Partial protection of coastal areas together with adaptive comanagement involving fishers, scientists, and managers can effectively achieve conservation and fishery management goals and benefit fishing communities and alleviate overfishing.     

神农架林区不同类型植物的叶片特征与光合性能研究

以神农架林区木鱼镇茶山上生长的8种不同类型植物为试验材料,于晴天选择其植株上东南朝向的顶部成长叶,采用LI-COR6400便携式光合测定系统、调制叶绿素荧光成像系统(IMAGING-PAM M-Series)及双通道PAM-100测量系统(Dual-PAM-100)和常规方法研究了其叶片特征、光合性能及相互间的关系,将有助于了解神农架植物的光合生产力及其植被管理。结果表明,不同类型植物叶片的叶片特征和光合性能存在明显的物种差异。比叶重(SLW)为乔木灌木草本;气孔参数以气孔导度(Cond)差异最大;草本植物的光合能力明显高于灌木和乔木,而灌木和乔木间的差异不大;叶绿素含量(Chl)及其组分的差异较小,类胡萝卜素(Car)和花青素含量(Ant)及其与Chl的比值差异极大。不同类型植物叶片特征和光合性能指标的变异系数在7.3%～73.0%间,Chla/Chlb最小,Car/Ant最大;Chla/Chlb、基于叶温的蒸汽压亏缺(VpdL)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)小于15%,Cond、单位鲜重Car、PSII实际量子产量和PSI非光化学能量耗散的量子产量为40%～50%,单位干重Car、Ant、Chl/Ant和Car/Ant则大于60%,其他指标在20%～40%。相关分析显示,Pn受Cond、叶片含水量和单位干重Chl的正向调控,Ant和Car对Pn无决定性作用;PSII和PSI的实际量子产量依赖于Ci和Chl,Car过高导致其降低;PSI的光保护受SLW的负调控及单位鲜重Chl和单位干重Car的正调控;光合机构的光损伤受Ci的负调控和Chl/Car的正调控。     

A Bioeconomic Model of Marine Reserve Creation

This paper employs a dynamic and spatial model of renewable resource exploitation to investigate the effects of marine reserve creation. The model combines a metapopulation model incorporating resource patch heterogeneity and dispersal with a behaviorally based spatially explicit harvesting model that assumes that fishermen choose location in a manner that eliminates spatial arbitrage opportunities. The combined spatial bioeconomic model is used to simulate the effects of reserve creation under various ecological structures. We identify parameter configurations and ecological dispersal processes that give rise to a double-payoff in which both aggregate biomass and harvest increase after an area of the fishery is set aside and protected from exploitation.     

Landscape ecology and conservation management—Evaluation of alternatives in a highway EIA process

The use of an Integrated Landscape Ecological Approach on the evaluation of the impact of a proposed highway over a high sensitive habitat of the highly endangered Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardina L) is described. This method prevents the occurrence of common errors in the decision making process by allowing an increased knowledge of the ecological constraints of the project. It builds, consequently, a very powerful tool for nature conservation assessment and for the ecological evaluation and the decision process in situations of low ecological data availability. The conflict of arguments on the consistency of the conclusions of the method is also described.     

甘家湖荒漠梭梭林自然保护区管理问题的初探

结合西北实际对甘家湖梭梭林自然保护区的现状及管理进行了初步分析,并提出应如何加强管理的对策和建议。