The interplay between knowledge and governance: Insights from the governance of recreational boating in the Dutch Wadden Sea area, 1981–2014

Through shifts toward interactive and participatory forms of environmental governance, knowledge dynamics may come into play that differ from those of traditional forms of policy-making. This paper investigates how shifts of environmental governance and knowledge are related. In order to do so, it reconstructs the development of the governance of recreational boating in the Dutch Wadden Sea on the empirical basis of interviews, document analysis, and a focus group. Moreover, it analyzes this development by means of an analytical framework that combines governance modes, knowledge systems and knowledge–governance interfaces. Our results show that in the last decades partly an accumulation and partly a sequence of various governance arrangements concerning recreational boating has occurred; this has entailed a shift from predominantly centralized governance to a combination of governance modes with a stronger emphasis on decentralized, interactive and self-governance. This shift has occurred together with an increasing prominence of qualitative local knowledge, stakeholders’ knowledge, and the integration of various forms of knowledge. Furthermore, a shift has taken place toward more participatory knowledge–governance interfaces. Our analysis suggests that environmental governance and knowledge are interconnected in various ways: the regulatory and epistemic aspects of environmental issues are bound up with each other, and governance and knowledge are coproduced and mutually constitutive. Key lessons from this analysis are that room for experimentation is an important factor in improving environmental governance, and that increasing stakeholder involvement in governance implies that new modes of jointly creating and exchanging knowledge may need to be taken into account.     

Governance structures for social-ecological systems: Assessing institutional options against a social residual claimant

Rural areas face increasing pressures to deliver both private and public goods from land management. Multiple stakeholders seek different outcomes and there is substantial heterogeneity in values. Trade-offs, synergies and complementarities exist between different services and alternative bundles of goods. The resulting complex social-ecological systems (SES) therefore require adaptive co-management. In a governance context, no single organisation has oversight across the variety of interests involved, but the challenge remains as to how these interests can best be balanced and negotiated, to deliver socially beneficial outcomes. This paper analyses how this might be achieved by considering the perspective of a ‘social residual claimant’ (SRC). The SRC, as an ideal type, represents the ultimate ‘owner’ or steward of an ecosystem which sets the criteria to assess alternative outcomes, identifying best approaches and addressing uncertainty through adaptive management. A SRC cannot be a static construct, but must interact with and influence private land-holders and other stakeholders, adjusting actions as circumstances change. We identify the criteria that would be required in order for an SRC to act in the best interests of society. We then make a comparison of these criteria against the conditions applying in three contrasting approaches currently operating in the UK: National Parks, Landscape Partnerships and Nature Improvement Areas. This enables us to identify the differences between approaches and to suggest changes that could enhance capabilities, as well as ideas for further research. We suggest that the ideal of an SRC offers a simple method of benchmarking that has potential application across a wider range of different local contexts, beyond the UK.     

生物多样性保护与自然保护区关系探讨——以金佛山自然保护区为例

自然保护区的建设将促进生物多样性保护与可持续发展，而生物多样性保护也有利于自然保护区健康发展。两者之间存在紧密的联系，但在实际工作中，两者关系往往难以协调。本文以金佛山自然保护区为例，分别论述了自然保护区的功能以及保护生物多样性的重要性，从反而探讨了两者之间的关系。并针对金佛山自然保护区建设，与基于生物多样性开展的旅游业之间存在的问题提出了相应的建议。     

广东连州田心自然保护区香果树种群及其生境特征

香果树是中国特有的茜草科的单种属植物,1993年被列入国家重点保护植物名录（Ⅱ级）。论文首次报道了广东境内的香果树Emmenopterys henryi最大种群及其群落的基本情况,以期为深入了解该保护植物的生态适应性、种群的生存和发展提供基础资料。2013年采用美国Onset公司产HOBO-U23-002温度-湿度记录仪对广东连州田心梅树冲的香果树种群所处生境进行了为期1年的监测;测定了土壤的理化特性、叶面和旷地的光照强度、香果树群落的物种组成、香果树种群的基径径级结构与高度结构,以及叶片的某些生理生态特性。结果表明,连州田心梅树冲是香果树的适宜生长地,生境的年均气温17.315℃,年均大气相对湿度84.316%;土壤pH5.64,有机质含量1.95%（大于林外旷地的0.50%）;叶面光照强度小于旷地的12%。香果树叶片SPAD值约为40,净光合速率为2.16-12.92μmol·m-2·s-1（以CO2计）,蒸腾速率0.29-0.62 mmol·m-2·s-1（以H2O计）。群落中有维管植物33种,其中乔木层17种,以壳斗科的4种为最多,樟科3种次之;除香果树外,群落优势种为灯台树Bothrocaryum controversum、西川朴Celtis vandervoetiana、野黄桂Cinnamomum jensenianum和金叶含笑Michelia foveolata等。连州田心梅树冲的香果树种群共有97个个体,其中Ⅰ级幼苗11株（占11.34%）,Ⅱ级幼苗76株（占78.35%）,小树9株（占9.28%）,中树0株,大树1株（1.03%）;高度为0.20-2.03 m的个体数77株,占总数的79.38%。径级结构和高度结构均表明,种群目前虽暂时处于增长阶段,但因受2008年南岭地区的冰灾影响,能产生果实的大树严重受损,缺失中树阶段的个体,且Ⅰ级幼苗数量少于Ⅱ级幼苗,该种群将在一定时期后因无法更新而进入衰退阶段,为此应加强香果树的就地和迁地保护、科学研究和宣传教育。     

湖南省绥宁县黄桑坪自然保护区植物群落多样性分析

通过对湖南省绥宁县黄桑自然保护区的植物群落特征及物种多样性的分析,结果表明:1)可将黄桑自然保护区的滩地、撂荒地和山坡地划分为3种群落类型:鱼腥草-蕨群丛、早熟禾-井栏边草群丛和杉木+马尾松-三尖杉+水苏-莎草+地稔群丛;2)植物多样性指数的大小顺序为:Patrick丰富度指数(R)、Simpson指数(D)和ShannonWiener指数(H)的大小顺序为:山坡地(S,D,H)撂荒地(S,D,H)滩地(S,D,H),Pielou均匀度指数(E)的大小顺序为:潍地(E)撂荒地(E)山坡地(E);3)3种样地之间的物种Czekanowski相似性系数(CC)较低,在0.0001~0.356 8之间,样地内的物种相似性指数(CC)沿滩地→撂荒地→山坡地的顺序递减;(4)相关分析表明:S、D、H之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01),E与S、D、H呈显著负相关(P0.05).生境条件差异是物种多样性差异形成的直接原因.表3,参16.     

呼伦贝尔市辉河国家级自然保护区内游牧文化对生态环境保护的重要意义

内蒙古高原的蒙古族、鄂温克族、达斡尔族等少数民族的传统游牧文化是千百年来草原生态环境得以较好保存下来、未遭到明显人为破坏的重要因素,同时也是重要的世界民族文化遗产,本文就呼伦贝尔市辉河国家级自然保护区内传统游牧文化与生态环境保护之间的关系及今后发展方向作一简要分析,仅供同行参考.     

太白山自然保护区生态环境管理研究

分析了太白山自然保护区存在的生态问题以及生态管理问题 ,提出了对太白山自然保护区生态管理的措施。     

Revealing inadvertent elitism in stakeholder models of environmental governance: assessing procedural justice in sustainability organizations

Consensus-based multi-stakeholder forms of environmental governance involving government, private and civil society actors, have become popular for advancing sustainability, but have been criticized for failing to achieve procedural justice objectives including recognition, participation and strengthening capabilities. Yet, how such models have functioned within non-governmental organizations dedicated to advancing sustainability has been underexplored. This paper assesses the procedural elements of consensus-based multi-stakeholder models used within Canadian biosphere reserves and model forests, two organizations working to address environment and sustainability issues. We draw on strategic documents and semi-structured interviews from five organizations in Canada to analyze their governance structures and processes against a framework for procedural justice. We find the organizational structure reproduces elitism and professionalism associated with stakeholder models more generally and reproduces challenges associated with recognition, participation and building capabilities found in other stakeholder approaches. Meeting broader sustainability challenges requires organizations to address procedural justice issues in addition to their traditional environmental concerns.     

Operationalising just sustainability: towards a model for place-based governance

As the concept of sustainability broadens to include social aspects, sustainability organisations must embrace strategies that allow them to more effectively address community issues and procedural concerns. Biosphere reserves (BRs) and model forests (MFs) advocate strongly for community engagement to achieve place-based sustainability; in practice, however, these organisations have had variable success in effectively engaging community residents and addressing their needs and interests. In this paper, we offer a framework for place-based governance for sustainability that is used to compare strategies used in BRs and MFs operating in the Maritime Provinces of Canada with the operations of Vibrant Communities, an anti-poverty organisation that operates locally in Saint John, New Brunswick. We draw attention to three imperatives: comprehensive understanding, community empowerment, and community-based outcomes, and five procedural drivers: local leadership, strong networks, diverse community engagement, learning together, and information sharing. Based on our results, we provide greater clarity on processes that address the imperatives and mobilise the drivers of effective place-based governance for sustainability. Our results suggest that there is a need for theory and practice to advance beyond current understandings of sustainability governance to enhance the capacity of organisations seeking to implement community-based sustainability strategies.     

三江平原保护区社区居民对湿地生态系统服务功能的贡献意愿

为了解社区对维持保护区湿地生态系统服务功能的贡献意愿,研究选取三江平原5个湿地自然保护区及其社区,依据条件价值评估法设计双边界二分式问卷,进行实地走访调查,从居民社会经济背景等方面探讨影响贡献意愿的因素、居民支付意愿（WTP）和劳动意愿（WTW）的差异。结果表明：1）居民对湿地生态系统服务的劳动意愿（73.57%）高于支付意愿（55.65%）,居民的抗议支付率随WTP和WTW投标值增加呈上升趋势,人均WTP为387.25±7.08元/a,WTW为31.40±0.39 h/月;2）月收入水平较高及对支付金钱有较高接受程度的受访居民,其WTP相对较高;加入环保类协会、对付出劳动的接受程度较高、受教育程度较高及男性的受访居民,则有较高的WTW;3）49.46%的居民愿意同时贡献金钱与劳动,远高于其他贡献意愿类型。建议在保护区的资源保护与管理实践中鼓励社区参与,充分发挥社区居民乐于提供志愿服务时间的贡献意愿。