蔬菜和水果中残留硫双威的气相色谱分析

本文提出了一种快速、高效提取净化蔬菜、水果中残留硫双威的前处理方法和用火焰光度检测的气相色谱法。该法的最低检出浓度为０．０４ｍｇ·ｋｇ＾－１，在蔬菜，水果中的平均加标回收率分别为９３．０－１０６．７％和９４．５－１０４．２％，变异系数分别为２．５７－６．０５％和２．７４－５．８３％。     

Differences in the electroantennal responses of apple- and hawthorn-infesting races of Rhagoletis pomonella to host fruit volatile compounds

Summary. Domestic apple (Malus pumila)- and hawthorn (Crataegus sp.)-infesting races of Rhagoletis pomonella, Walsh (Diptera: Tephritidae) provide an excellent model to examine the role that host plant specificity plays during sympatric speciation (i.e., divergence in the absence of geographic isolation). Previous work has shown that these races differ in their propensities to accept apple and hawthorn fruits in behavioral choice assays, and that this discrimination translates into "host fidelity" in the field (i.e., apple flies tend to mate on and oviposit into apples and hawthorn flies on hawthorns). ?We present the results of a study examining possible physiological factors contributing to host choice differences in R. pomonella. We tested whether apple and hawthorn flies differ in their electroantennogram (EAG) responses to biologically relevant volatile compounds emitted from apples and hawthorns. Significant differences were found in the relative EAG responses of apple and hawthorn flies to host fruit compounds at five of six paired study sites across the eastern United States. The geographic pattern of EAG variation was complex, however, with local populations of apple and hawthorn flies tending to be more similar to one another than to flies of the same race at distant sites. This pattern was largely due to EAG responses for several compounds showing longitudinal or latitudinal clines, the latitudinal clines being similar to those observed for allozyme loci in the host races. We also found evidence for sex-related differences, as males tended to have higher mean EAG responses to compounds than females. Host-associated differences were therefore nested within geographic and sex-related differentiation in R. pomonella.?Further behavioral studies are needed to distinguish whether the EAG differences are responsible for, as opposed to being a consequence of, host-plant fidelity and adaptation. Crosses are also required to establish a genetic basis for the EAG responses, although we did find significant correlations between EAG scores for several compounds and the allozymes NADH-Diaphorase-2 and Hydroxyacid dehydrogenase at one of the study sites. Questions therefore remain concerning the evolutionary significance of the EAG response differences between apple and hawthorn fly races. Nevertheless, these differences raise the possibility that antennal responses to fruit-related volatile compounds contribute to host plant discrimination in R. pomonella. Regardless, the EAG responses represent another set of traits, in addition to diapause/eclosion time phenotypes and allozyme frequencies, differing between apple and hawthorn host races of R. pomonella. Received 17 March 1998; accepted 21 September 1989.     

盐生植物在盐渍土壤改良中的作用

盐生植物盐爪爪〔Kalidiumfoliatum (Pall.)Moq.〕、盐地碱蓬 (SuaedasalsaL .Pall)、中亚滨藜 (AtriplexcentralasiatieaIljin)、西伯利亚白刺 (NitrariasibiricaPall) ,在中国禹城地区〔φ(N) =36°5 5′,λ(E) =116°40′〕含盐量较高 (1%～ 1.3%)的试验田中分别种植 .出苗后定苗 ,株密度n =80m-2 ,小区面积为 4m2 ,每种植物 3个重复 .种植前分别测定土壤Na+ 含量 ,N、P、K含量 ,有机质含量 ,细菌和真菌数量 .萌发后 15d测定植株干重、植株Na+ 含量 .在花芽形成期收获 ,再测定植物干重和植株Na+ 含量 ,以及土壤Na+ 含量 ,N、P、K含量 ,有机质含量 ,细菌和真菌数量 .结果发现 ,盐渍土壤种植 4种盐生植物 1个季度后 ,土壤Na+ 含量显著降低 ,每季盐爪爪从土壤中吸收Na+ 量 934 5 .6kg/hm2 ,盐地碱蓬吸收Na+ 量 6 85 1.4kg/hm2 ,西伯利亚白刺吸收 6 0 19.2kg/hm2 ,中亚滨藜吸收 6 0 98.4kg/hm2 .土壤有机质 ,N、P、K以及细菌和真菌数量也有不同程度的增加 .这再次证明 ,盐生植物是一类良好的吸盐植物 .并对盐渍土壤种植盐生植物后Na+盐降低、土壤肥力和微生物数量增加的原因进行了讨论 .表 7参 13     

大果沙棘形态与结实特征效果评价研究

针对中国野生沙棘果小、多刺、难采摘,生产中不能大规模推广种植等方面的缺点,近年来开始从俄罗斯引进优良沙棘品种(大果沙棘).通过开展8个大果沙棘品种在哈尔滨地区的栽培实验,观测不同品种大果沙棘在当地生长适应性、形态特征以及结实情况,通过建立量化评价指标体系对大果沙棘开展综合评价.结果表明,在哈尔滨地区,无刺丰表现最佳,可以作为推广栽培的优选品种;丘伊斯克等5个品种表现尚可,有一定推广价值;辽阜1号和契切克的表现最差,不建议作为推广首选品种.     

Sorption of chlorophenols onto fruit cuticles and potato periderm

To better understand the interaction mechanisms of plant surfaces with polar organic compounds, sorption of 4-chlorophenol, 2,4- dichlorophenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by fruit cuticles (i.e., tomato, apple, and pepper), and potato tuber periderm were investigated. The roles of cuticular components (waxes, cutin, cutan and sugar) on sorption of chlorophenols are quantitatively compared. Cutin and waxes govern the sorption capacity of bulk apple cuticle by hydrophobic interactions. Potato periderm with highest sugar content exhibits the lowest sorption capability for the chlorophenols. With the increase of hydrophobicity (i.e., K_ow ) of sorbate, the relative contribution of lipophilic components (wax, cutin and cutan) on total sorption increases, however, the ratios of K_oc to K_ow decreases due to increasing ionization degree of sorbates.     

沙田柚系列专用肥对柚果产量和品质的影响

报道了沙田柚产区土壤养分状况、沙田柚营养需求特性和叶片与果实对营养元素吸收的季节性变化模式、沙田柚果实品质指标与各时期树体营养元素含量的相关性,以及磷肥活化剂的使用。分析了沙田柚产量和品质提高的因素。研制出了沙田柚系列专用肥,并探讨了其使用的效果和经济效益。     

四川阿坝州特色水果产业现状及其发展方向

高山峡谷区是阿坝州生态环境脆弱和人口密度大的区域,特色水果是与该区域环境、资源与气候特点相适应的传统优势产业。近年来,在特色水果新品种引进、基地建设和产业体系建设方面取得了较大的进展,特色水果产业快速发展,已成为该区域生态农业发展、农民增收和产业结构调整的重要支柱产业。对阿坝州特色水果产业发展的现状与目前存在的问题进行了全面的分析,为该产业今后的发展指出了方向。     

Ethanol production from alkali-pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunch by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with mucor indicus

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is a potential raw material for production of lignocellulosic bioethanol. The OPEFB was pretreated with 8% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at 100°C for 10 to 90 min. Enzymatic digestion was carried out using cellulase and β-glucosidase at 45°C for 24 h. It was then inoculated with Mucor indicus spores suspension and fermented under anaerobic conditions at 37°C for 96 h. Sodium hydroxide pretreatment effectively removed 51–57% of lignin in the OPEFB and also its hemicellulose (40–84%). The highest glucan digestibility (0.75 g/g theoretical glucose) was achieved in 40-min NaOH pretreatment. Fermentation by M. indicus resulted in 68.4% of the theoretical ethanol yield, while glycerol (16.2–83.2 mg/g), succinic acid (0–0.4 mg/g), and acetic acid (0–0.9 mg/g) were its by-products. According to these results, 11.75 million tons of dry OPEFB in Indonesia can be converted into 1.5 billion liters of ethanol per year.     

Napropamide Residues in Runoff and Infiltration Water from Pepper Production

Abstract

A field study was conducted on a Lowell silty loam soil of 2.7% organic matter at the Kentucky State University Research Farm, Franklin County, Kentucky. Eighteen universal soil loss equation (USLE) standard plots (22 × 3.7 m each) were established on a 10% slope. Three soil management practices were used: (i) class-A biosolids (sewage sludge), (ii) yard waste compost, each mixed with native soil at a rate of 50 ton acre^?1 on a dry-weight basis, and (iii) a no-mulch (NM) treatment (rototilled bare soil), used for comparison purposes. Devrinol 50-DF “napropamide” [N,N-diethyl-2-(1-naphthyloxy) propionamide]was applied as a preemergent herbicide, incorporated into the soil surface, and the plots were planted with 60-day-old sweet bell pepper seedlings. Napropamide residues one hour following spraying averaged 0.8, 0.4, and 0.3 μ g g^{? 1} dry soil in sewage sludge, yard waste compost, and no-mulch treatments, respectively. Surface runoff water, runoff sediment, and napropamide residues in runoff were significantly reduced by the compost and biosolid treatments. Yard waste compost treatments increased water infiltration and napropamide residues in the vadose zone compared to sewage sludge and NM treatments. Total pepper yields from yard waste compost amended soils (9187 lbs acre^?1) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than yield from either the soil amended with class-A biosolids (6984 lbs acre^?1) or the no-mulch soil (7162 lbs acre ^?1).     

Behavior of pyrimethanil,pyraclostrobin, boscalid,cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos residues on raspberry fruit and leaves of Laszka variety

The purpose of the research conducted was to investigate and evaluate the behavior of pyrimethanil, pyraclostrobin, boscalid, cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos, the active ingredients of selected fungicides and insecticides, on ripe fruit and in fully developed leaves of raspberry of the Laszka variety. The field trial was carried out in the period of one month starting from the first fruit picking. The results obtained indicated that residue levels on the day of the first crop picking did not even approximate the corresponding EU-MRLs (http://ec.europa.eu/sanco_pesticides). Individual substances in raspberry fruits and leaves disappeared at a similar rate. As a result of chlorpyrifos application to the soil, its residue in fruits and leaves occurred for the whole period of fruit bearing, though in fruit they dropped successively. To produce raspberries with residues below or equal to 0.01 μg g^?1, the application of pesticides should be stopped at least 2–3 weeks before the first crop picking, and on condition that an appropriate preparation (active in low doses) is applied to the last treatments.