Investigation of gas production and entrapment in granular iron medium

A method for measuring gas entrapment in granular iron (Fe0) was developed and used to estimate the impact of gas production on porosity loss during the treatment of a high NO3- groundwater (up to approximately 10 mM). Over the 400-d study period the trapped gas in laboratory columns was small, with a maximum measured at 1.3% pore volume. Low levels of dissolved H2(g) were measured (up to 0.07+/-0.02 M). Free moving gas bubbles were not observed. Thus, porosity loss, which was determined by tracer tests to be 25-30%, is not accounted for by residual gas trapped in the iron. The removal of aqueous species (i.e., NO3-, Ca, and carbonate alkalinity) indicates that mineral precipitation contributed more significantly to porosity loss than did the trapped gases. Using the stoichiometric reactions between Fe0 and NO3-, an average corrosion rate of 1.7 mmol kg-1 d-1 was derived for the test granular iron. This rate is 10 times greater than Fe0 oxidation by H2O alone, based on H2 gas production. NO3- ion rather than H2O was the major oxidant in the groundwater in the absence of molecular O2. The N-mass balance [e.g., N2g and NH4+ and NO3-] suggests that abiotic reduction of NO3- dominated at the start of Fe0 treatment, whereas N2 production became more important once the microbial activity began. These laboratory results closely predict N2 gas production in a separated large column experiment that was operated for approximately 2 yr in the field, where a maximum of approximately 600 ml d-1 gas volumes was detected, of which 99.5% (v/v) was N2. We conclude that NO3- suppressed the production of H2(g) by competing with water for Fe0 oxidation, especially at the beginning of water treatment when Fe0 is highly reactive. Depends on the groundwater composition, gas venting may be necessary in maintaining PRB performance in the field.     

五大连池水体中氮素分布及规律的初步研究

分析了2009年9月至2010年10月五大连池水体的总氮、氨氮、硝氮3项指标.得出水体氮素的年度变化规律及相关性,即总氮和氨氮、氨态氮与硝态氮两组指标的相关性很高,总氮与硝态氮之间相关性较弱.3种指标都是冬季明显高于其他季节,总氮在春季最低随后升高,氨态氮和硝态氮在春夏秋季均维持较低水平,且结合3者变化规律,夏季和秋季...     

紫色土地区水文特征对硝态氮流失的影响研究

采用人工降雨模拟的方法,研究水文传输途径对紫色土中NO3--N流失的影响.研究结果表明,在所有雨强中均观察到壤中流的存在.在小雨强长历时的降雨中壤中流的径流量大于大雨强短历时降雨;随着雨强的增大,壤中流的径流系数下降.在紫色土地区,氮素的流失途径不仅包括地表径流而且包括壤中流,并且壤中流是NO3--N的主要水文传输途径.无论是否受到施肥措施的影响,壤中流中NO2--N浓度均高于地表径流.在对照小区,壤中流中NO3--N平均浓度是地表径流的7倍以上;施肥后壤中流NO3--N平均浓度为26.07mg·L-1,是地表径流的20倍以上.在对照小区,壤中流NO3--N的流失量占流失总量的30%以上;在施肥小区,壤中流NO3--N流失量占总流失量的90%以上.在紫色土地区,土壤特征和降雨特征决定了该地区壤中流形式的普遍存在,而NO3--N以壤中流流失的特点与当地施肥习惯的耦合效应增大了该地区的NO3--N流失风险.     

氮同位素方法在地下水氮污染源识别中的应用

地下水硝酸盐来源复杂多样.介绍了用15N/14N的方法(N同位素方法)分析辨明污染物来源.氮污染源不同,氮同位素值(δ15N值)也就不同.例如:雨水的δ15N值偏低,为-1.08%～0.21%;生活排水的δ15N值偏高,为1.0%～1.7%.污染源不同,受污染的地下水的δ15N值也不同,据此能有效地判断地下水硝酸盐的来源.     

Chemical characteristics of haze particles in Xi'an during Chinese Spring Festival: Impact of fireworks burning

Fireworks burning releases massive fine particles and gaseous pollutants, significantly deteriorating air quality during Chinese Lunar New Year(LNY) period. To investigate the impact of the fireworks burning on the atmospheric aerosol chemistry, 1-hr time resolution of PM_(2.5) samples in Xi'an during the winter of 2016 including the LNY were collected and detected for inorganic ions, acidity and liquid water content(LWC) of the fine aerosols. PM_(2.5) during the LNY was 167 ± 87 μg/m~3, two times higher than the China National Ambient Air Quality Standard(75 μg/m~3). K~+(28 wt.% of the total ion mass) was the most abundant ion in the LNY period, followed by SO_4~(2-)(25 wt.%) and Cl-(18 wt.%). In contrast, NO_3~-(34 wt.%) was the most abundant species in the haze periods(hourly PM32-2.5 75 μg/m), followed by SO_4(29.2 wt.%) and NH_4~+(16.3 wt.%), while SO_4~(2-)(35 wt.%) was the most abundant species in the clean periods(hourly PM_(2.5) 75 μg/m~3), followed by NO_3~-(23.1 wt.%) and NH_4~+(11 wt.%). Being different from the acidic nature in the non-LNY periods, aerosol in the LNY period presented an alkaline nature with a pH value of 7.8 ± 1.3. LWC during the LNY period showed a robust linear correlation with K_2SO_4 and KCl, suggesting that aerosol hygroscopicity was dominated by inorganic salts derived from fireworks burning. Analysis of correlations between the ratios of NO--3/SO_4~(2-) and NH_4~+/SO_4~(2-) indicated that heterogeneous reaction of HNO_3 with NH_3 was an important formation pathway of particulate nitrate and ammonium during the LNY period.     

An overview of emissions of SO2 and NOx and the long-range transport of oxidized sulfur and nitrogen pollutants in East Asia

The long-range transport of oxidized sulfur(sulfur dioxide(SO_2) and sulfate) and oxidized nitrogen(nitrogen oxides(NO_x ) and nitrate) in East Asia is an area of increasing scientific interest and political concern. This paper reviews various published papers, including ground- and satellite-based observations and numerical simulations. The aim is to assess the status of the anthropogenic emissions of SO_2 and NO_x and the long-range transport of oxidized S and N pollutants over source and downwind region. China has dominated the emissions of SO_2 and NO_x in East Asia and urgently needs to strengthen the control of their emissions, especially NO_x emissions. Oxidized S and N pollutants emitted from China are transported to Korea and Japan, due to persistent westerly winds, in winter and spring.However, the total contributions of China to S and N pollutants across Korea and Japan were not found to be dominant over longer time scales(e.g., a year). The source–receptor relationships for oxidized S and N pollutants in East Asia varied widely among the different studies. This is because:(1) the nonlinear effects of atmospheric chemistry and deposition processes were not well considered, when calculating the source–receptor relationships;(2) different meteorological and emission data inputs and solution schemes for key physical and chemical processes were used; and(3) different temporal and spatial scales were employed. Therefore, simulations using the same input fields and similar model configurations would be of benefit, to further evaluate the source–receptor relationships of the oxidized S and N pollutants.