Variations of denitrification in a farming catchment area

We measured denitrification at 15 sites during 1 year in a agricultural catchment in Brittany, France. Our objective was to assess the relative importance of heterotrophic denitrification on the fate of excess nitrogen at the catchment scale, and to quantify the relative importance of riparian areas on the N₂O emissions. Using the C₂H₂ inhibition technique, denitrification rate on soil core and denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) were each determined, for samples taken from two soil layers: 0–20 and 20–40 cm. Denitrification rates, ranging from 0 to 417 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹, were significantly higher in riparian areas than for hillslopes (median of 24.87 against 10.38 mg N m⁻² d⁻¹). However, since denitrification rates are significant in the hillslope and given that hillslope surface area is much greater (79% of catchment surface), this domain could be responsible for half of the overall denitrified nitrogen (N). Also, the 20–40 cm deep soil layer was found to account for more than 46% of the denitrification. The DEA indicates the potential for denitrifying activity by the soil under non-limiting conditions, measured values ranged from 76.48 to 530.63 ng N g⁻¹ dry soil h⁻¹. The ratio N₂O/(N₂O + N₂) was about 60% with no clear spatial or temporal trends. Soil moisture appeared to be the main limiting factor for denitrification at the field scale. The results suggest that, for this catchment, denitrification is a major route for nitrogen removal, but a significant proportion of this removal occurs as N₂O.     

V2O5/TiO2催化剂脱除NO的研究

采用了等体积浸渍法制备二氧化钛负载钒氧化物催化剂（V2O5/TiO2）,研究了V2O5负载量、反应温度、烟气流量、氨氮比以及运行时间各因素对NH3选择性催化还原NO反应（SCR）效率的影响.研究结果表明：经过500℃温度下煅烧,烟气流量为200ml/min,负载量为7wt％的V2O5/TiO2催化剂,在400℃温度下反应,NO脱除率可达70.5％.     

河岸缓冲区氮素截留研究进展

河岸缓冲区对氮素的有效截留以阻止其进入河流已得到广泛的认可,是美国资源局所认可的一种最佳管理措施。总结河岸缓冲区中氮素截留的主要机制、影响因素及缓冲区的管理原则。最主要截留机制为反硝化作用与植物吸收,相应的最主要影响因素是缓冲区的水文特征。为达到较好的氮素截留效率,必须重建退化的缓冲区、保护缓冲区的完整性与不受干扰,并与其他流域管理措施相结合。     

基于可持续发展的总量预算指标分配方法对比分析研究

阐述了总量预算指标分配的概念,结合环境容量承载水平和总量管理的实际,从理论上建立河南各省辖市可用于社会经济发展的总量预算指标分配模型.针对各分析方法的理论模型进行对比分析,确定合理的分配方案,为后续的实证研究和"十三五"时期河南省总量预算管理提供基础.     

锌离子对厌氧氨氧化脱氮效能的影响

通过序批实验的方法,直接接种厌氧氨氧污泥,研究了Zn2＋对厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）脱氮效能的影响。研究结果表明,当进水Zn2＋质量浓度小于2 mg/L时,对厌氧氨氧化生物活性有促进作用,可增强微生物的脱氮效能;当进水Zn2＋质量浓度在2 mg/L和4 mg/L之间时,脱氮效能无明显变化,说明对厌氧氨氧化微生物活性无明显影响;当进水Zn2＋质量浓度大于4 mg/L,对厌氧氨氧化反应有抑制作用,Zn2＋浓度越高,抑制作用越明显。 Zn2＋对厌氧氨氧化的半抑制质量浓度（CI,50）为32.3 mg/L,NO2--N与NH4＋-N转化比的平均值为1.28。     

黑河流域水汽输送及收支特征

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料对黑河流域的水汽输送和收支特征进行了计算分析,结果表明:西风环流使得源于大西洋和北冰洋的水汽成为黑河流域空中水汽的主要来源,流域内水汽输送以自西向东的纬向输送为主,东边界输出强度强于西边界输入强度,纬向净输入量为负;经向输送为自北向南且在强度上不及纬向输送,北边界输入强度强于南边界输出强度,经向净输入量为正。700 hPa气层流域南部的水汽辐合辐散特征随季节变化显著,冬季为水汽辐散区,夏季为水汽辐合区;流域北部没有明显的水汽辐合辐散特征。全流域多年平均水汽输入量为997.3 km³,输出量为1 046.1 km³,净输入量-48.8 km³,20世纪60年代中期以后流域水汽净输入量呈现增加趋势。黑河流域北部荒漠区年内各季均为水汽输出期,中低层大气(地面~500 hPa)为主要的水汽输出层;南部山区年内6-9月为水汽输入期,低层大气(地面~700 hPa)为水汽输入层,中高层大气(700~300 hPa)为水汽输出层。据大气水平衡原理,黑河流域多年平均蒸发量约为84 km³。     

Pilot-scale experiments on multilevel contact oxidation treatment of poultry farm wastewater using saran lock carriers under different operation model

A pilot-scale multilevel contact oxidation reactors system, coupled with saran lock carriers,was applied for the treatment of poultry farm wastewater. The removal efficiencies of CODcr, ammonia, and the total nitrogen as well as the elimination performance of CODcr and total nitrogen along the three-level contact oxidation tanks under six designed operational models were investigated. Based on the performance of the nitrogen removal of the saran lock carriers and the distribution of anoxic–aerobic interspace under the suitable operation model, the mechanism of nitrogen removal of the system was also explored. The results revealed that the intermittent aeration under parallel model is the most suitable operation model, while the removal efficiencies of CODcr, ammonia, and the total nitrogen were 86.86%, 84.04%, and 80.96%, respectively. The effluent concentration of CODcr,ammonia, and the total nitrogen were 55.6 mg/L, 8.3 mg/L, and 12.0 mg/L, which satisfy both the discharge standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding industry(GB18596–2001) and the first grade of the integrated wastewater discharge standard(GB 8978–1996). Moreover, the mechanism for the nitrogen removal should be attributed to the plenty of anoxic–aerobic interspaces of the biofilm and the three-dimensional spiral structure of the saran lock carriers, where the oxygen-deficient distribution was suitable for the happening of the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process. Therefore, the multilevel contact oxidation tanks system is an effective pathway for the treatment of the poultry farm wastewater on the strength of a suitable operation model and novel carriers.     

低碳高氮污水处理应用技术研究

针对碳氮比小于7的污水,其碳源不能满足硝化与反硝化的要求这一问题,通过改变SBR工艺的运行方式、调解工艺参数等技术手段,使其能够达标处理此类工业废水,并通过某淀粉厂的工程实例进行了验证:采用改良的SBR工艺可以对低碳高氮污水进行有效的处理。     

Changes in nitrogen budget and potential risk to the environment over 20 years (1990–2010) in the agroecosystems of the Haihe Basin,China

The nitrogen balance can serve as an indicator of the risk to the environment of nitrogen loss from agricultural land. To investigate the temporal and spatial changes in agricultural nitrogen application and its potential threat to the environment of the Haihe Basin in China, we used a database of county-level agricultural statistics to calculate agricultural nitrogen input, output, surplus intensity, and use efficiency. Chemical fertilizer nitrogen input increased by 51.7% from 1990 to 2000 and by 37.2% from 2000 to 2010, concomitant with increasing crop yields. Simultaneously, the nitrogen surplus intensity increased by 53.5% from 1990 to 2000 and by 16.5% from 2000 to 2010, presenting a continuously increased environmental risk. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased from 0.46 in 1990 to 0.42 in 2000 and remained constant at 0.42 in 2010, partly due to fertilizer composition and type improvement. This level indicates that more than half of nitrogen inputs are lost in agroecosystems. Our results suggest that although the improvement in fertilizer composition and types has partially offset the decrease in nitrogen use efficiency, the environmental risk has still increased gradually over the past 20 years, along with the increase in crop yields and nitrogen application. It is important to achieve a better nitrogen balance through more effective management to significantly reduce the environmental risk, decrease nitrogen surplus intensity, and increase nitrogen use efficiency without sacrificing crop yields.     

Managing a forgotten greenhouse gas under existing U.S. law: An interdisciplinary analysis

The United States’ legal strategy for addressing climate change in recent years has relied on authority from existing legislation. This has led to measures on a number of different greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide, methane and hydrofluorocarbons. However, one greenhouse gas has been largely forgotten: nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide is the third most abundantly emitted greenhouse gas in the U.S. and worldwide, as well as the largest remaining threat to the stratospheric ozone layer. In addition, the nitrogen atoms in nitrous oxide are part of the highly fluid nitrogen cycle where nitrogen atoms transform readily among different chemical forms, each with a unique environmental and human health impact – a process known as the nitrogen cascade. While the science of the nitrogen cascade has been explored for over a decade, there has been little work on the legal implications of this phenomenon. And yet the nitrogen cascade expands the legal options available for controlling nitrous oxide. This paper studies these options in a U.S. context and explores the environmental and economic impacts of enacting them. We determine that the Clean Air Act, and in particular its broad authority for controlling ozone depleting substances, is the most promising legal pathway for regulating nitrous oxide across all major sources. Invoking such authority could generate significant climate and stratospheric ozone benefits over 2015–2030, equivalent to taking 12 million cars permanently off the road, and 100 million chlorofluorocarbon-laden refrigerators out of service. The economic benefits could sum to over $700 billion over 2015–2030, with every $1.00 spent on abating emissions leading to $4.10 in societal benefits. The bulk of these benefits would come from reductions in other forms of nitrogen pollution such as ammonia and nitrate, highlighting the important and multiple co-benefits that could be achieved by abating nitrous oxide emissions. With the Paris Climate Agreement calling for limiting global temperature increases to “well below” two degrees Celsius, all mitigation opportunities across all sectors need to be considered. This paper suggests that nitrous oxide warrants more attention from policy-makers in the U.S. and around the world.