西宁市生物质燃烧源大气污染物排放清单

本研究根据调查的西宁市生物质燃烧源活动水平数据,采用排放因子方法,建立了 2018年西宁市生物质燃烧源9种大气污染物的排放清单,并分析了清单的时空分布特征和不确定性.结果表明,西宁市2018年生物质燃烧源CO、NOx、SO2、NH3、VOCs、PM2.5、PM10、BC 和OC 的排放量分别为 11 718.34、604.41、167.80、209.72、1 617.97、2 054.04、2 135.04、281.07和 1 224.78 t.秸秆露天焚烧 CO、NOx、VOCs、PM2.5、PM10、BC 和OC 的排放对生物质燃烧源的排放贡献率最高;其中,秸秆露天焚烧NOx、VOCs和CO的贡献率分别为72.35％、63.94％和53.18％.户用生物质炉NH3和SO2的排放对生物质燃烧源的贡献率最大,分别为41.49％和42.05％.生物质燃烧源大气污染物排放地区分布不均衡,主要集中于大通县和湟中区.生物质燃烧源9项污染物的排放量在1、2、3、10、11和12月较大,占比在5％～33％.蒙特卡罗模拟结果表明,在95％置信区间下,不确定度最高的是森林和草原火灾的PM2.5排放,不确定度为-26.71％～29.78％.     

Cd、Zn、菲和多效唑复合污染土壤的微生物生态毒理效应

以土壤脱氢酶、呼吸强度和微生物生物量作为生态毒理指标,通过正交实验,在室内培养条件下考察了4种不同性质的有机与无机污染物（Cd、Zn、菲和多效唑）复合污染的土壤微生物生态效应。复合投加这4种污染物能使土壤微生物活性受到不同程度的抑制,且抑制率随时间的推移而下降;3种微生物生态毒理指标之间存在着很好的相关性,但脱氢酶活性在三者中最敏感;影响土壤微生物活性的主要因子依次为：菲＞Cd＞Zn＞Zn与菲的交互作用＞Zn与多效唑的交互作用;实验表明,Zn与菲的交互作用为拮抗作用,但Zn与多效唑的复合效应机制仍不明确     

近临界水中生物质固体废弃物水解制备氨基酸及水解液脱色研究

对废鱼肉、废禽畜肉及其加工过程产生的废弃物在近临界水中水解制备氨基酸和氨基酸水解液的脱色进行研究.反应器容积为200mL,反应温度为180～320 ℃,反应压力为5～26 MPa,反应时间为5～60 min.利用氨基酸分析仪对水解产物中的氨基酸进行定性和定量分析,实验结果发现,实验所用原料水解后可得到17种氨基酸.水解产物中不同种类氨基酸的产率随反应温度、反应压力和反应时间的变化规律各不相同.对其中8种含量较高、用途较广、附加值较高的氨基酸,分别进行了反应温度、反应压力、反应时间对水解液中氨基酸浓度的影响研究,得到了在较低的反应温度、合适的反应压力和一定的反应时间内获得较高氨基酸产率的水解条件.以颗粒状活性炭为脱色剂,对水解液在不同pH值、活性炭用量、吸附温度和吸附时间条件下进行脱色实验,并考察了脱色率和氨基酸损失率.结果表明,较好的吸附条件为:pH=4.0、活性炭用量为0.02g·mL-1、吸附温度40℃、吸附时间15min,脱色率96%;被活性炭吸附的氨基酸可以通过解吸附得到回收.     

城市污泥与园林废弃物混合堆肥施用对林地土壤微生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响

研究城市污泥和园林废弃物混合堆肥施用对土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)及酶活性的影响,可为林地施用混合堆肥产品的安全及功效性评价提供科学依据.本研究采用大田试验,选取紫穗槐为研究对象,将污泥和园林废弃物以3种比例(GF(纯园林废弃物)、SGA(V(污泥)∶V(园林废弃物)=1∶3)、SGB(V(污泥)∶V(园林废弃物)=1∶1))进行混合堆肥,每种堆肥产品分别按0、5、10、50 kg·株-1(分别记作CK、T5、T10、T50)均匀施入样地.施肥1年后,于田间采样测定土壤生物活性指标及理化性质,采用主成分分析及单、双因素方差分析法研究混合堆肥产品施用后对土壤酶活性及微生物量碳、氮含量的影响.结果表明:施入GF、SGA和SGB时,SMBC和SMBN均在施用量50 kg·株-1时达到最大.随着施用量的增加,土壤酶指数(SEI)总体上呈现逐步递增的趋势,施入GF、SGA、SGB时,各个施肥梯度处理的土壤酶指数较CK分别增加93.33%~186.67%、14.58%~54.17%、119.05%~204.76%.通过主成分分析,依据各处理综合得分情况,不同堆肥产品总体上表现为:SGBGFSGA.施入GF、SGA和SGB,不同处理综合得分均为T50T10T5CK.说明施用堆肥产品能够提高土壤微生物量,增加土壤酶活性,改善土壤的生物环境.     

Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.     

重金属铜、锌、镉、铅复合污染对土壤环境微生物群落的影响

以铜锌冶炼厂附近的水稻土为例 ,研究了重金属复合污染对土壤微生物群落的影响 .结果表明 ,有效铜、锌、镉、铅与微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、微生物商、微生物生物量氮 全氮均呈显著负相关 .重金属污染均能降低细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量 .用BIOLOG生态盘研究了重金属污染对微生物群落结构的影响 ,发现重金属污染明显影响了微生物群落结构 ,反映在典型变量 1(CV1)与重金属元素含量呈极显著正相关 ,因此认为典型变量 1是反映重金属污染程度的有效指标 .经逐步回归分析发现 ,有效铜是影响典型变量 1最主要的因素 .     

淀山湖着生藻类群落结构与数量特征

在１９９３～１９９７－０６间对淀山湖５种沉水植物及人工基质上的着生藻类群落进行了研究。结果表明,沉水植物上着生藻类群落由３７属３９种藻类组成,其中硅藻门１３属１３种,绿藻门１２属１３种,蓝藻门６属７种。５种沉水植物上着生藻类群落密度和生物量,均以黑藻最高,金鱼藻次之,菹草居第３,人工基质（塑料板）介于金鱼藻和菹草之间;并于冬季达全年最高峰,夏季为全年最低。着生藻类生长与沉水植物生长间呈负相关,并限     

Bacterial diversity in soils around a lead and zinc mine

Five samples of soil collected from a lead and zinc mine were used to assess the effect of combined contamination of heavy metals on soil bacterial communities using a polyphasic approach including characterization of isolates by culture method, community level catabolic profiling in BIOLOG GN microplates, and genetic community fingerprinting by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA fragments amplified by PCR from community DNA （PCR-DGGE）. The structure of the bacterial community was affected to a certain extent by heavy metals. The PCR-DGGE analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed that there were significant differences in the structure of the microbial community among the soil samples, which were related to the contamination levels. The number of bacteria and the number of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） bands in the soils increased with increasing distance from the lead and zinc mine tailing, whereas the concentration of lead （Pb） and cadmium （Cd） was decreased. Heavily polluted soils could be characterized by a community that differs from those of lightly polluted soils in richness and structure of dominating bacterial populations. The clustering analysis of the DGGE profiles showed that the bacteria in all the five samples of soil belonged to three clusters. The data from the BIOLOG analysis also showed the same result. This study showed that heavy metal contamination decreased both the biomass and diversity of the bacterial community in soil.     

La0.5Ca0.5Ni0.5Fe0.5O3催化剂的制备及其对生物质热解特性的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了La0.5Ca0.5Ni0.5Fe0.5O3纳米粉体,并通过XRD、SEM、TG-DTA等手段对所合成的样品进行了分析和表征.结果表明,采用碳酸铵作为共沉淀剂、聚乙二醇为分散剂,在600℃下煅烧6h可作为实验制备该催化剂粉体的最优条件.用实验室自制热解催化炉验证其对生物质热解的效果,实验结果表明,采用La0.5Ca0.5Ni0.5Fe0.5O3催化剂,生物质热解过程中焦油产量降低了12.4%,气体产率提高了14.0%,气体产物中一氧化碳、甲烷含量分别从33.8%和15.1%提高到了38.5%和18.4%,燃气的品质大大提升.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.