浮游植物群落及粒径结构对光吸收特性的影响

浮游植物吸收及比吸收等光学特性表征浮游植物对光的吸收能力,很大程度上决定了其光合作用效率和碳固定量,是浮游植物生态学、水体光学和水色遥感领域研究热点和前沿问题.本研究基于2013年天目湖7个固定采样点逐月观测数据,分析了浮游植物生物量、群落结构、吸收以及比吸收系数等生物-光学参数的季节变化特征,构建了浮游植物生物量、群...     

粉煤灰结合施肥对土壤微生物和酶活性的效应

在以前对粉煤灰改良石灰性土壤对其理化性质和养分效应研究的基础上,分析了小麦不同生育期土壤中微生物数量和几种重要的土壤酶的活性,旨在探讨石灰性褐土施用粉煤灰配合有机肥对土壤环境生物质量的效应。结果表明,每公顷施用粉煤灰150t以上显著提高了土壤中各种微生物的数量,对土壤酶活性也有显著的作用,尤其是对小麦灌浆期脲酶的活性有显著的促进作用。因此,施用粉煤灰可以改善土壤的生物活性,从而达到保护和治理土壤环境的效果。     

非离子型表面活性剂AE对稀脉浮萍的损伤作用

以过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）相对活性、植物生长量和培养液pH值变化作为观测指标,研究了非离子型表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚（AE）对稀脉浮萍（Lemna paucicostata L.）的损伤作用,结果显示：稀脉浮萍的损伤程序与AE浓度直接相关,浓度小于1.0mg/L时,AE对稀脉浮萍的损伤较轻,λ（CAT）、λ（POD）的增加,能清除膜上的过氧化物,在10.0mg/L时,稀脉浮萍的生理功能受到中等程序的伤。CAT、POD相对活性升高,生长率下降,光合作用受到一定程度的抑制,培养液pH值下降0.2左右;AE为100.0mg/L时,植物受伤严重,CAT、POD相对活性下降,培养液pH值降低幅度为0.6左右,植物大部分死亡。     

不同铅化合物对红壤中微生物生物量的毒性差异(英)

为了评估红壤中不同铅化合物对微生物生物量的毒性差异,进行了实验室培养试验铅化合物为氯化铅和醋酸铅,施加的6个不同浓度（w／10－6）为0（背景值）,100,200,300,450和600在铅水平相同时,醋酸铅比氯化铅对土壤中微生物生物量碳（Cmic）和微生物生物量氮（Nmic）的降低更为明显土壤中微生物量C／N比和有机碳／微生物量碳比［m（Corg）／m（Cmic）］随着醋酸铅水平的增加而显著提高,而氯化铅在相同水平下,提高的幅度大大减少,这些结果表明,不同铅化合物的溶解度和不同相伴阴离子是决定铅化合物毒性的重要因素.     

粪便中温好氧堆肥过程有机物的降解研究

为了生态厕所的推广使用、便于操作和节约能耗,多采用无加热的设施,即在自然条件下(对于小型生态厕所,接近中温条件)的好氧堆肥处理.了解中温好氧堆肥过程有机物的降解特性,对于生态厕所的推广使用和简化设计、操作等具有重要意义.采用密闭式好氧堆肥反应器,模拟中温(35℃)的堆肥温度,以新鲜锯末为空白载体,在含水率为60％以及连...     

Investigating efficiency of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lampito mauritii</Emphasis> (Kinberg) and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Perionyx ceylanensis</Emphasis> Michaelsen for vermicomposting of different types of organic substrates

The vermicomposting ability of Lampito mauritii (Kinberg) and Perionyx ceylanensis Michaelsen was evaluated by using three different types of organic substrates such as leaf litter of Polyalthia longifolia, Pennisetum typhoides cobs (pearl millet) and a weed, Rottboellia exaltata (whole plant except the roots) in combination with cowdung (1:1). Vermicomposting studies (120 days) conducted to optimize the number of worms required for efficient conversion based on the reduction of C/N ratio, percentage decomposition of organic substrates, total number and biomass of earthworms recovered from the vermibed substrates clearly showed that vermibeds with 4 kg of organic materials can hold about 60–80 L. mauritii and about 90–120 P. ceylanensis for efficient decomposition. The percentage decomposition of each organic substrate treated with different numbers of L. mauritii (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 earthworms) and P. ceylanensis (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150) showed significant difference (P < 0.001) between numbers of worms introduced per vermibed but the difference between substrates was not significant within the treatments. Vermicomposting resulted in significant increase in electrical conductivity (28.54–49.82%), total nitrogen (43.96–90.83%), total phosphorus (27.42–68.10%) and total potassium (27.42–113.18%), whereas decrease in organic carbon (35.05–49.74%), C/N ratio (55.48–73.18%) and C/P ratio (50.46–66.90%) in different vermibeds introduced with L. mauritii and P. ceylanensis. Both the earthworm species can be used for vermicomposting different organic substrates; however, duration of vermicomposting with P. ceylanensis is not as much of L. mauritii. The use of L. mauritii for vermicomposting of other substrates has been well established by other workers also but standardization of P. ceylanensis, a locally available species, for vermicomposting of different organic substrates is a new finding and the species could be useful for vermiconversion of organic substrates under local conditions.     

湘中丘陵区不同经营目标毛竹林年龄结构、生物量分配与碳贮量格局

经营模式对毛竹林生物量、碳贮量具有重要影响。研究了湘中丘陵区毛竹笋用林(Ⅰ)、笋材兼用林 (Ⅱ)和材用林(Ⅲ) 3种不同经营目标下的竹林年龄结构、生物量分配及碳贮量格局。结果表明：应减少1～2 a、增加5～6 a生竹的留养比例,控制达到1～2 a、3～4 a、5～6 a各占1/3左右的立竹年龄结构。不同层次生物量表现为乔木层＞凋落物层＞林下植被层,毛竹笋用林经营有利于增加乔木层生物量。乔木层生物量及所占比例分别为5183～5566 t/hm2、8895%～9293%,林下植被层生物量及所占比例分别为154～258 t/hm2、258%～443%,凋落物层生物量及所占比例分别为269～386 t/hm2、449%～662%。毛竹林总碳贮量排队顺序为Ⅱ（14263 t/hm2）＞Ⅰ（13389 t/hm2）＞Ⅲ（13004 t/hm2）,笋材兼用林有利于提高竹林碳贮能力。不同层次碳贮量排列顺序总体均表现为土壤层＞乔木层＞凋落物层＞林下植被层。湘中丘陵区毛竹林生物量、碳贮量较低,应提高集约经营水平     

Removal of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions using native and acid treated Ni-hyperaccumulator plant Alyssum discolor from Turkish serpentine soil

Alyssum discolor biomass was collected from serpentine soil and was used for removal of metal ions. The plant species grown on serpentine soils are known to be rich with metals ions and thus have more capability for accumulating heavy metals. Native and acid-treated biomass of A. discolor (A. discolor) were utilized for the removal of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of contact time, initial concentration, and pH on the biosorption of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions were investigated. Biosorption equilibrium was established in about 60 min. The surface properties of the biomass preparations were varied with pH, and the maximum amounts of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions on both A. discolor biomass preparations were adsorbed at pH 5.0. The maximum biosorption capacities of the native, and acid-treated biomass preparations for Ni(II) were 13.1 and 34.7 mg g⁻¹ and for Cu(II) 6.15 and 17.8 mg g⁻¹ dry biomass, respectively. The biosorption of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions from single and binary component systems can be successfully described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. When the heavy metal ions were in competition, the amounts of biosorbed metal ions on the acid treated plant biomass were found to be 0.542 mmol g⁻¹ for Ni(II) and 0.162 mmol g⁻¹ for Cu(II), the A. discolor biomass was significantly selective for Ni(II) ions. The information gained from these studies was expected to indicate whether the native, and acid-treated forms can have the potential to be used for the removal and recovery of Ni(II) ions from wastewaters.     

ECOSUNIDE工艺活性污泥中自养菌浓度的测定与分析

设计并利用在差压仪中密闭投加基质的实验方法,根据ASM模型中自养菌和硝化过程耗氧速率的关系,对比研究了ECOSUNIDE工艺和其他4个污水处理厂曝气池混合液中自养菌的浓度。研究表明,在不考虑自养菌增长和衰减情况下,ECOSUNIDE工艺混合液自养菌生物浓度为48.15 mg COD/L,该结果显著高于其他受试污水处理厂的混合液自养菌生物浓度(17.2～37.5 mg COD/L),表明ECOSUNIDE工艺在提高活性污泥中自养菌生物浓度上有较强的优势。设计的实验方法可以简便、有效地测定用于ASM模型中的自养菌浓度。     

热喷涂防腐涂层在生物质锅炉中的研究进展

简要介绍了常用热喷涂技术,基于对热喷涂防腐涂层在燃煤锅炉防腐工作中的研究进展,进一步分析了热喷涂涂层在生物质锅炉防腐中的现状,介绍了金属涂层中的NiCrTiFe系列涂层、陶瓷涂层及金属陶瓷复合涂层、纳米涂层等现有技术比较成熟的涂层,对热喷涂防腐涂层的发展趋势进行了展望。