Hybrid input-output analysis to evaluate economic impacts of biomass energy

ABSTRACT

The introduction of the new biomass industry exerts influences that change the interactions among economic sectors by drawing the resources for generating electricity, pricing alterations from the existing market and competitively selling electricity to the power grid. These influences should be described and identified to ensure the benefits to the local economy. In this article, we deem to test the potential of hybrid I-O analysis to analyze the economic impacts and address the change in characteristics of the economic impacts of the biomass power plant. The resource utilization data from the existing biomass power plant located in Kochi Prefecture (Japan) is collected and then analyzed by a hybrid input-output (I-O) analysis. We found that (1) the use of cutoff function could determine the new economy’s structure included the biomass power plant where the allocation of resource in the economy is changed according to the consumption and production of the biomass power plant, (2) The power plant increases the total production of Kochi prefecture’s economy, and this benefit overthrows the negative effect of the loss of resource demand of the existing economic sectors. The use of the hybrid I-O to forecast the economic impacts on the local economy could enhance the decision made by the policymaker.     

应用有效微生物群(EM)处理富营养化源水试验研究

初试条件下系统地考察了有效微生物群(EM)处理南水塘藻型富营养化源水效果。结果表明:在容器中按V(EM)∶V(源水)为1∶10000的比例投加EM菌液并辅以低速间歇式曝气处理8～9d,藻类生物量得到明显控制,水样叶绿素a,TN,TP及CODCr去除率分别达90 49%,45 25%,55 48%及82 37%,出水水质接近国家地表Ⅳ类水质标准。处理过程中,水样pH与电导率有明显的变化规律,应属2个独立的因子体系;EM微生物可改变源水氮磷营养盐水平及藻类生物量与氮 磷质量分数的相关性,成为影响或抑制藻类生长的主导因子。      

内循环生物流化床反应器载体挂膜特性的研究

分别考察了水力停留时间，反应器结构，接种污泥量及载体粒径等因素对内循环三相生物流化床反应器载体挂膜的影响。试验结果表明，较短的停留时间，较小的内循环速度，较少的接种污泥量及较小粒径的载体有利于反应器的快速挂膜启动。     

增温及秸秆施用对豆-麦轮作土壤微生物量碳氮及细菌群落结构的影响

为研究增温和秸秆施用对农田土壤微生物量碳氮和细菌群落结构的影响,设置随机区组试验,试验设置空白(CK)、增温(WA)、秸秆施用(SA)和增温及秸秆施用(WS)这4种处理.分别在大豆生长季和冬小麦生长季采集土壤样品,测定土壤微生物量碳氮,并采用Illumina Hi Seq高通量测序法测定土壤细菌群落结构.结果表明,无论是大豆季还是冬小麦田,不同增温及秸秆施用处理的土壤微生物量碳含量均无显著(P 0. 05)差异,大豆季增温处理土壤微生物量氮含量显著(P 0. 01)高于对照,且大豆季土壤微生物量氮含量极显著(P 0. 001)高于冬小麦田.大豆季各处理间土壤细菌纲、目、科和属水平上的类群均无显著(P 0. 05)差异,冬小麦季不同处理间的细菌群落结构存在显著差异.大豆季CK与WA、SA处理最具优势的芽单胞菌目(Gemmatimonadales)、芽单胞菌科(Gemmatimonadaceae)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)的细菌比例之间均存在显著(P 0. 05)差异,冬小麦季CK与WA处理最具优势的γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)的细菌比例之间存在显著(P 0. 05)差异.大豆季增温处理的物种数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Chao1指数均最小,冬小麦季增温及秸秆施用处理的物种数、Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Chao1指数均最大.大豆季土壤细菌α多样性指标与土壤微生物量碳氮之间存在极显著(P 0. 001)的相关关系,而冬小麦季这些指标之间则不存在类似的关系.     

水分减少与增温处理对冬小麦生物量和土壤呼吸的影响

通过田间控制试验,设置对照(CK)、水分减少30%(W)、增温2℃(T)、水分减少30%+增温2℃(TW)这4种不同处理,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤呼吸,研究水分减少与增温处理对冬小麦生物量和土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,在拔节-孕穗期,T和TW显著增加了冬小麦地上生物量,增幅分别为46.0%(P=0.002)和19.8%(P=0.032);T和TW也显著增加了收获的地上生物量,增幅分别为19.8%(P=0.050)和34.6%(P=0.028);而W对地上生物量无显著影响;W、T和TW处理都没有显著改变地下生物量.相比于CK,T和W对土壤呼吸平均速率没有显著影响(P0.05);TW使土壤呼吸平均速率降低了22.4%(P=0.049).T降低了土壤呼吸温度敏感性系数((Q_(10)).本研究表明水分与增温的复合处理对农田生态系统产生了与单—因子处理不同的生态效应.     

天鹅洲故道底栖动物群落特征及水质生物学评价

于2011年1月、5月、7月和10月按季度对天鹅洲长江故道底栖动物进行采样调查,并根据底栖动物群落结构对水质进行了生物学评价.结果表明:天鹅洲故道底栖动物有30种,其中水生昆虫14种,占46.67%;寡毛类8种,占26.67%;软体动物6种,占20.00%;其它类2种,占6.67%.优势种类为菱附摇蚊(Clinotanypus)、指突隐摇蚊(Cryptochironomus digitatus)、克拉泊水丝蚓(Limnodrilus claparedeianus)、霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri).底栖动物年均密度为558.37 ind·m-2,最大密度出现在冬季,春季最低;底栖动物年均生物量为14.03 g·m-2,最大生物量出现在秋季,春季最低.10个采样点中,其中8号年均密度最大,为1986.00 ind·m-2,7号年均生物量最大,为50.22 g·m-2,而6号年均密度和生物量都最小,分别为98.00ind·m-2和0.85 g·m-2.利用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)、Margalef丰富度指数(d)、科级生物指数(FBI)和综合生物污染指数(BI)对故道水质进行综合评价,显示故道水体处于中-重污染(Ⅲ-Ⅳ),相比2003~2004年(Ⅱ)其水质污染状况有所下降.     

2种表居型蚯蚓处理污泥的比较研究

用微小双胸蚓(Bimastus parvus)和赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)2种表居型蚯蚓处理城市生活污泥,研究了污泥理化性质和污泥减量以及蚯蚓生物量的变化,比较2种蚯蚓对污泥的处理效果.结果表明,2种蚯蚓对污泥的矿化、降解及减量能力基本一致.接种双胸蚓和爱胜蚓污泥的pH分别降至6.27、7.07,接种双胸蚓使污泥的N、P、K含量分别增加了31.96%、5.76%、17.91%,C/N、C/P降低了44.14%、30.69%;接种爱胜蚓使污泥的N、K含量分别增加了35.48%、11.58%,P含量、C/N、C/P降低了10.12%、46.73%、20.50%.接种双胸蚓和爱胜蚓均能降低污泥中重金属含量,其降低次序分别为ZnCuPbCr和CuZnPbCr.实验结束后,2种蚯蚓的体重、卵数均显著增加,其生长率和生产率分别为76%～86%、156%～131%.     

Microbial community characterization, activity analysis and purifying efficiency in a biofilter process

The growth and metabolism of microbial communities on biologically activated carbon(BAC) play a crucial role in the purification of drinking water.To gain insight into the growth and metabolic characteristics of microbial communities and the efficiency of drinking water treatment in a BAC filter,we analyzed the heterotrophic plate count(HPC),phospholipid,dehydrogenase,metabolic function and water quality parameters during start-up and steady-state periods.In the start-up process of the filter with natural biofilm colonization,the variation in heterotrophic plate count levels was S-curved.The total phospholipid level was very low during the first 5 days and reached a maximum value after 40 days in the filter.The activity of dehydrogenase gradually increased during the first 30 days and then reached a plateau.The functional diversity of the microbial community in the filter increased,and then reached a relatively stable level by day 40.After an initial decrease,which was followed by an increase,the removal rate of NH4+-N and COD Mn became stable and was 80% and 28%,respectively,by day 40.The consumption rate of dissolved oxygen reached a steady level after 29 days,and remained at 18%.At the steady operation state,the levels of HPC,phospholipid,dehydrogenase activity and carbon source utilization had no significant differences after 6 months compared to levels measured on day 40.The filter was shown to be effective in removing NH4+-N,NO2--N,COD Mn,UV 254,biodegradable dissolved organic carbon and trace organic pollutants from the influent.Our results suggest that understanding changes in the growth and metabolism of microorganisms in BAC filter could help to improve the efficiency of biological treatment of drinking water.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a four-compartment periodic anaerobic ba ed reactor

Periodic anaerobic baffled reactor (PABR) is a novel reactor based on the design concept of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). Residence time distribution (RTD) studies on both clean and working reactors at the same hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 2 d were carried out to investigate the dead spaces and mixing patterns in PABRs at different organic loading rates (OLRs) in various switching manners and frequencies.The results showed that the fraction of dead space in PABR was similar to that in ABR,which was low in comparison with other reactor designs.Dead space may be divided into two categories,hydraulic and biological.In RTD studies without biomass,the hydraulic dead space in the PABR run in an"every second"switching manner with T=2 d was the lowest whereas that in the PABR run in a T=∞(ABR) switching manner was the highest.The same trend was obtained with the total dead space in RTD studies with biomass no matter what the OLR was.Biological dead space was the major contributor to dead space but affected decreasingly at higher OLR whichever switching manner the PABR run in.The flow patterns within the PABRs were intermediate between plug-flow and perfectly mixed under all the conditions tested.     

紫色土坡耕地C、N与微生物C、N变化及其耦合特征

以紫色土坡耕地为研究对象,综合探讨不同坡度变化下植被/裸地小区以及长期不同施肥处理下紫色土坡耕地土壤C、N与微生物C、N变化及其耦合特征.结果表明:植被覆盖小区总有机碳(TOC)变化为49.0~63.9 g·kg-1,裸地TOC变化为47.4~50.8 g·kg-1,并随坡度增加逐渐下降;植被小区微生物碳(MBC)为0.9~3.45 g·kg-1,而裸地小区MBC仅为0.1~0.68 g·kg-1.不同施肥处理下坡耕地土壤TOC为57.0~64.5 g·kg-1,施加有机肥处理土壤的TOC含量高于其他施肥方式.植被小区总氮(TN)为2.6~4.2 g·kg-1,裸地小区TN含量为1.6~5.5 g·kg-1,植被小区微生物氮(MBN)高于裸地小区;不同施肥处理下TN含量随土层深度增加呈显著下降,有机肥和秸秆与化肥配施相比单一施加氮肥对土壤MBN的增加更为显著.有机肥及其与化肥配施下土壤C/N比为10~17,而秸秆及其与化肥配施土壤C/N比为8~13,单施氮肥为12左右,增施有机肥和秸秆还田有利于保持土壤C/N的稳定提高;同时,施肥有利于提高微生物熵,增加土壤中活性有机碳的比例;紫色土坡耕地MBC和TN具有显著的耦合特征(R2=0.66).