缙云山不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳、氮组分的影响

以位于重庆市北碚区的缙云山为研究对象,通过采集亚热带常绿阔叶林(以下简称林地)、撂荒地、果园、坡耕地0~60cm深度的土壤样品,测定其MBC(微生物生物量碳)、MBN(微生物生物量氮)、DOC(可溶性有机碳)、DON(可溶性有机氮)含量,探讨土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳、氮组分的影响.结果表明,4种土地利用方式下土壤MBC、MBN、DOC、DON含量均随着土壤深度的增加而降低.在0~60 cm的土壤深度内,土地利用方式对土壤MBC、MBN和DON含量的影响并不明显;撂荒地DOC含量显著高于其它3种土地利用方式,说明坡耕地撂荒能显著提高土壤DOC含量.在0~60 cm土层,林地、撂荒地、果园、坡耕地间MBN、DOC、DON分配比例均无显著差异,但坡耕地MBC分配比例显著高于其它3种土地利用方式,表明坡耕地土壤有机碳具有较高的生物活性,这可能是由于坡耕地施加绿肥以及粪肥等有机肥所致.各土地利用方式下DOC/DON最高,MBC/MBN次之,SOC/TN最低,说明可溶性有机质的生物固化作用最强,而土壤总有机质的矿化作用最明显.4种土地利用方式下SOC/TN、MBC/MBN及DOC/DON均为坡耕地最低,且比值都低于20,表明坡耕地土壤有机质的矿化作用较强,容易造成土壤碳的损失.     

重碳酸盐胁迫下3种能源的生理特性及无机碳利用能力对比研究

以诸葛菜、芥菜型油菜和续随子为研究对象,通过模拟喀斯特高浓度HCO-3(10mmol/L)逆境,将植物生理生化、地球化学技术应用生物质能源领域,用于喀斯特边际土地能源植物的筛选。在210d的实验期内,定期测定三种植物叶片中脯氨酸、丙二醛、叶绿素、叶绿素荧光、光合日变化、碳酸酐酶活力、叶片稳定碳同位素组成和生物质产出。通过对比发现,HCO-3胁迫条件下,诸葛菜、芥菜型油菜较续随子更为敏感,但续随子的生长易受低温影响。结果表明,诸葛菜以较高的喀斯特适生性、高碳酸酐酶活力而表现出最高的无机碳利用能力,综合诸葛菜适宜的生物质产出可推荐其作为喀斯特边际土地生物质能源植物。     

基于贝叶斯网络的生物质气化中毒事故分析

由于生物质气化产生的燃气中含有CO,导致生物质气化站极易发生泄漏中毒事故并造成人员伤亡,同时考虑到传统的系统安全分析方法在风险评估中存在一定局限性,引入贝叶斯网络分析模型,应用Ge NIe软件将系统故障树转成贝叶斯网络,根据贝叶斯双向推理进行故障预测和诊断,快速、准确识别系统薄弱环节。实例应用表明,所构建的贝叶斯网络分析模型对生物质气化进行风险评估是可行的,且较传统的事件树、故障树分析方法更加科学、合理。     

Environmental and economic assessment of biomass sourcing from extensively cultivated buffer strips along water bodies

Buffer strips represent oblong land elements along water bodies playing an important role for the water quality management of the surface water. In the policy context buffer strips are referred to as land with defined farming restrictions aiming at protecting the water course. In the current EU agricultural policy framework the majority of the decisions regarding subsidy schemes for buffer strips is taken on the member country level, which results in great differences between the EU members with regard to this water protection measure. If incentives for farmers for establishing and maintaining buffer strips are in place, they are usually linked to the harvest ban on the buffer strip. Such protection model can be endangered by volatile and rising prices for agricultural products. However, buffer strip can represent a valuable source of different ecosystem services, including biomass provision. If harvesting under certain restrictions would be allowed, the biomass could generate additional revenue that might contribute to securing buffer strips existence and consequently maintaining their protection function.This study aimed at assessing the costs and environmental consequences of biomass mobilizing from buffer strips. It dealt with different scenarios of biomass sourcing from extensively cultivated buffer strips in the Netherlands. In 12 scenarios, the cultivation of grass or cereal mixes (including multiple harvesting or perennial cultivation) for different valorisation chains (ensiling or fodder & bedding) was assessed. Both total net cultivation costs as well as the hectare based environmental performance (using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology) were evaluated. Additionally, the environmental impact of electricity production through anaerobic digestion of biomass from buffer strips was compared with the impact from digestion of classic grass silage and the impact profile of Dutch electricity mix.The results indicate ensiling as the scenario generating more net costs and higher environmental impacts as compared to fodder & bedding. In the latter, the cereal cultivation represents a better solution from economic perspective, while grass shows lower environmental impacts. Moreover, optimizing grass cultivation through switching to perennial mode contributes to strong improvements of the economic performance and contributes to additional reduction of environmental impacts, and consequently delivers the best environmental and economic solution. Moreover, the comparison with the Dutch electricity mix shows that biomass from buffer strips, if used in anaerobic digestion, can, in terms of environmental performance, compete with classic silages and contribute to reduced environmental damage.     

Microalgae cultivation using an aquaculture wastewater as growth medium for biomass and biofuel production

Microalgae as a main feedstock has attracted much attention in recent years but is still not economically feasible due to high algal culture cost. The objective of this study was to develop a comprehensive eco-friendly technology for cultivating microalgae Platymonas subcordiformis using aquaculture wastewater as growth medium for biomass and biofuel production. Platymonas subcordiformis was grown in pretreated flounder aquaculture wastewaters taken from different stages. Each of wastewater contained different levels of nutrients. The biomass yield of microalgae and associated nitrogen and phosphorous removal were investigated. The results showed that algal cell density increased 8.9 times than the initial level. Platymonas subcordiformis removed nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater with an average removal efficiency of 87%–95% for nitrogen and 98%–99% for phosphorus. It was feasible to couple the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater to algal biomass and biofuel production. However, further studies are required to make this technologies economically viable for algae biofuel production.     

A Two-Part Measure of Degree of Invasion for Cross-Community Comparisons

Abstract:  Invasibility is a critical feature of ecological communities, especially for management decisions. To date, invasibility has been measured in numerous ways. Although most researchers have used the richness (or number) of exotic species as a direct or indirect measure of community invasibility, others have used alternative measures such as the survival, density, or biomass of either a single or all exotic species. These different measures, even when obtained from the same communities, have produced inconsistent results and have made comparisons among communities difficult. Here, we propose a measure of the degree of invasion (DI) of a community as a surrogate for community invasibility. The measure is expressed as 2 independent components: exotic proportion of total species richness and exotic proportion of total species abundance (biomass or cover). By including richness and abundance, the measure reflects that the factors that control invasibility affect both of these components. Expressing exotic richness and abundance relative to the richness and abundance of all species in a community makes comparisons across communities of different sizes and resource availability possible and illustrates the importance of dominance of exotic species relative to natives, which is a primary management concern associated with exotic species.     

关于发展生物质产业的几点思考

我国生物质产业自20世纪70年代开始起步。乙醇汽油和沼气利用是生物质能开发中的重点。虽然生物质产业的关键技术基本成熟。但是当考虑不再用粮食作为原料的时候，技术转换等一系列问题也会随之而来。技术瓶颈仍然是限制我国生物质产业发展的一大因素。我国政府为解决能源短缺问题，缓解环境压力．同时为消化陈粮。在扶持生物质产业发展的过程中一直充当了“埋单者”的角色．这也引发了以粮食为加工原料的燃料乙醇项目的大量上马．粮油价格上涨的趋势开始波及我国。因此。从粮食问题是否让位于能源问题．政府是否继续充当“埋单者”的角色。生物质产业污染治理的角度出发．认为：今后发展生物质产业不能只盯住能源短缺的问题而忽视粮食安全问题。要从技术层面解决原料限制和成本过商的难题。同时政府对生物质产业发展应有科学规划和管理。     

上海不同功能区夏季PM2.5中生物质燃烧贡献的解析

为了解生物质燃烧对上海夏季PM_(2.5)的贡献及评估大气光化学氧化对左旋葡聚糖浓度的影响,在上海的4个不同站点同步采集了PM_(2.5)样品,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪和离子色谱仪分析了典型生物质燃烧示踪物脱水糖和水溶性钾离子的浓度,采用示踪物产率法估算了生物质燃烧对PM_(2.5)质量及其中有机物的贡献,分析了左旋葡聚糖浓度与大气臭氧浓度的相互关系.结果表明,上海夏季PM_(2.5)中左旋葡聚糖的浓度在不同站点间差别较小,平均浓度为44.2 ng·m~(-3);水溶性钾离子浓度与左旋葡聚糖之间存在显著相关性(r=0.88),平均浓度为0.45μg·m~(-3),85%以上的钾离子为非海盐、非矿物质来源,即主要来源于生物质燃烧;基于左旋葡聚糖和钾离子的示踪物产率法估算的生物质燃烧对夏季上海PM_(2.5)中有机碳的贡献有显著差别,分别为6.0%和19.2%,左旋葡聚糖的光化学降解是导致这一差别的主要原因;左旋葡聚糖与生物质燃烧源钾离子的浓度比(LG/K■)与大气臭氧浓度之间存在显著的负相关关系,说明大部分的左旋葡聚糖会随着大气氧化性的增强而被降解.     

典型藻类生物质燃烧PM2.5的排放特性及机制

为探究典型藻类生物质燃烧过程中微细颗粒物PM_(2.5)的排放特性及机制,采用一维管式炉对藻类生物质小球藻、条浒苔和马尾藻在不同燃烧温度下的PM_(2.5)排放浓度进行实验研究.结果表明,PM_(2.5)的排放特性随藻种而异且与燃烧温度密切相关.小球藻的PM_(2.5)排放浓度随燃烧温度的升高而降低,600℃时的峰值浓度为138.667 mg·m~(-3).与之不同的是,条浒苔和马尾藻的PM_(2.5)排放浓度在单峰时随温度的升高而降低,双峰时随着温度的升高而升高,600℃时峰值最高分别为24.733 mg·m~(-3)和3.757 mg·m~(-3),当温度从700℃升至900℃时3藻种的峰值时间提前,然而,小球藻峰值降低,条浒苔和马尾藻峰值均增加.在此基础上,对PM_(2.5)的产量进行了分析,并根据各自的排放特性对其排放机制进行了分析.研究认为,高含量挥发分及碳氢化合物可能是小球藻微细颗粒物形成的主要来源.在高温状态下,条浒苔和马尾藻由于挥发分的快速释放和焦炭颗粒的膨胀导致孔隙扩张.     

中国南方乡村黑碳稳定同位素特征及来源解析——以江西于都为例

于2018年冬季（1月）和夏季（7月）在中国南方江西于都某偏远乡村采集PM_2.5样品,分析PM_2.5中BC浓度及其稳定碳同位素（δ¹³C_BC）,水溶性离子浓度.结果表明,采样期间BC在冬季和夏季平均浓度分别为（1.3±0.8）,（0.8±0.3）μg/m³,δ¹³C_BC在冬季和夏季平均值分别为（-25.8±1.6）‰和（-26.3±0.7）‰,两者整体呈现冬季高夏季低趋势,可能受到不同来源影响.相关性分析和贝叶斯模型源解析结果表明：冬季受生物质燃烧贡献最大为44.3%,其次机动车尾气和煤燃烧,分别为29.3%和26.4%;夏季受机动车尾气贡献最大为58.5%,其次生物质燃烧和煤燃烧,分别为28.8%和12.7%.后向轨迹表明,中国南方乡村的BC可能受到城市污染区域的长距离输送影响.