生物质气化火灾爆炸事故BN-LOPA分析

提出一种基于BN-LOPA的生物质气化火灾爆炸事故评价方法。绘制出生物质气化火灾爆炸故障树并转换为贝叶斯网络,计算出的事故发生概率为2.600×10-3,根据风险矩阵得出对应风险等级为10级,因此需要在计划内采取安全措施降低风险。采用贝叶斯网络的向后推导计算基本事件后验概率,找出失效后易导致事故发生的节点,对这些节点设置独立防护层并计算设置后基本事件及顶事件的发生概率。最后得出在设置独立防护层后,生物质气化火灾爆炸事故的发生概率降低至8.068×10-6,对应风险等级从10级降至5级,可满足安全生产的要求。     

Environmental benefits from the use of the residual biomass in nurseries

Every year, nurseries waste about 40 t of residual biomass for each ha of potted plants cultivation. The European nursery sector deals with about 90,000 ha of cultivated land and 120,000 ha of nurseries, with a turnover of 19.8 billion Euros in 2011. In recent years, a number of Italian projects highlighted that GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions for the nursery sector range between 37 tCO₂eq/ha/year and 45 tCO₂eq/ha/year for potted plants, mainly due to the consumption of electric energy, plastics and peat. Moreover, other studies analyse the impacts associated to nurseries, recommending best practices for energy reductions and waste recycle or reuse. Therefore, the present work focused its attention to the possible environmental benefits associated to the reuse of residues (wood and substrate) of potted plants that are discarded from the nursery production chain. GHG emissions and fossil energy requirement were quantified by considering the CO₂eq (CO₂ equivalent) and the CER (cumulative energy requirement) respectively, in order to assess the environmental impacts of two different scenarios proposed for the materials recovery. Final results highlighted that the solutions which are able to recover the substrate and the wood allow impact reductions compared to landfill disposal. In particular, the scenario consisting in the immediate separation of the substrate from the root-plant system and the successive chipping of wood for energetic reuse, allows higher savings than those obtainable through shredding and subsequent wind separation. Moreover, for what concerns the CO₂eq, an adequate use of the residual biomass make it possible to compensate the GHG emissions of the nurseries up to 15%.     

Biomass use in chemical and mechanical pulping with biomass-based energy supply

The pulp and paper industry is energy intensive and consumes large amounts of wood. Biomass is a limited resource and its efficient use is therefore important. In this study, the total amount of biomass used for pulp and for energy is estimated for the production of several woodfree (containing only chemical pulp) and mechanical (containing mechanical pulp) printing paper products, under Swedish conditions. Chemical pulp mills today are largely self-sufficient in energy while mechanical pulp mills depend on large amounts of external electricity. Technically, all energy used in pulp- and papermaking can be biomass based. Here, we assume that all energy used, including external electricity and motor fuels, is based on forest biomass. The whole cradle-to-gate chain is included in the analyses. The results indicate that the total amount of biomass required per tonne paper is slightly lower for woodfree than for mechanical paper. For the biomass use per paper area, the paper grammage is decisive. If the grammage can be lowered by increasing the proportion of mechanical pulp, this may lower the biomass use per paper area, despite the higher biomass use per unit mass in mechanical paper. In the production of woodfree paper, energy recovery from residues in the mill accounts for most of the biomass use, while external electricity production accounts for the largest part for mechanical paper. Motor fuel production accounts for 5–7% of the biomass use. The biomass contained in the final paper product is 21–42% of the total biomass use, indicating that waste paper recovery is important. The biomass use was found to be about 15–17% lower for modelled, modern mills compared with mills representative of today's average technology.     

转锥式生物质热解装置中热载体输送技术的研究

如何将高温热载体连续、稳定、高效地输送到反应器中，保证生物质颗粒充分的热解，以提高生物燃油的转化率，是转锥式生物质热解装置设计中的一个研究重点。本文提出了自行设计的高温热载体的两种主要输送装置，链式输送装置和气力输送装置，分析了各自装置的研究方案特点，最后对存在问题进行了探讨。     

Trends in Fish Community Structure,Biomass, and Production in Three Algoma,Ontario, Lakes

Long-term (i.e. >10 years) whole community fish dataincluding catch-per-unit-effort, abundance, biomass, andproduction from three lakes were used: 1) to examine variabilityin fish population and community measures among years using wholelake assessments of fish populations derived from mark recaptureexperiments, 2) to assess implications arising from monitoringindividual species vs. the whole fish community, and 3) toascertain whether, in fisheries assessments (science) a commonlyused surrogate measure, [catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE)] reflectedannual changes in the fish assemblage, and thus may be a goodestimator of abundance. High, long-term variability was evident in the abundance andbiomass of a fish species in our lakes, yet the communityremained relatively stable in terms of its biomass andproduction. Changes in total fish community biomass appear drivenby large species, which, relative to small fish species, remainstable among years. Among years, species richness remainedstable; however, fish species changed in the community. AnnualCPUE was found to be a suitable surrogate for abundance (N) ofsmall fishes; CPUE x mean weight of the catch (bCPUE) was asuitable surrogate for biomass (B) of large fishes. Prior toconcluding that a change in a fish population has occurred as aresult of a stressor, care must be taken to critically examinethe level of population assessment in order to avoid acceptingpotentially invalid conclusions.     

Effects of heavy metal pollution on soil microbial biomass

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Intra-specific variations of two Leymus chinensis divergence populations in Songnen Plain, Northeast China

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｉｎｔｒａ ａｎｄｉｎｔｅｒ ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｐｌａｎｔｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｗｅｌｌｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔｅｄｆｏｒｍａｎｙｐｌａｎｔｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓ (Ｂａｓｓｏｗ ,1 997;Ｃａｌｌａｗａｙ ,1 994;Ｄｅｌｐｈ ,1 993;Ｆｏｒｄ ,1 981 ;Ｊｏｎｅｓ,1 999;Ｍｏｎｓｏｎ ,1 989;Ｐａｖｏｎｅ ,1 985;Ｖａｖｒｅ,1 997) .Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,ｍｏｓｔｏｆｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｆｏｃｕｓｅｄｏｎｉｎｔｅｒ ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｍａｌ…     

Modern Biomass Conversion Technologies

This article gives an overview of the state-of-the-art of key biomass conversion technologies currently deployed and technologies that may play a key role in the future, including possible linkage to CO₂ capture and sequestration technology (CCS). In doing so, special attention is paid to production of biofuels for the transport sector, because this is likely to become the key emerging market for large-scale sustainable biomass use. Although the actual role of bio-energy will depend on its competitiveness with fossil fuels and on agricultural policies worldwide, it seems realistic to expect that the current contribution of bio-energy of 40–55 EJ per year will increase considerably. A range from 200 to 300 EJ may be observed looking well into this century, making biomass a more important energy supply option than mineral oil today. A key issue for bio-energy is that its use should be modernized to fit into a sustainable development path. Especially promising are the production of electricity via advanced conversion concepts (i.e. gasification and state-of-the-art combustion and co-firing) and modern biomass derived fuels like methanol, hydrogen and ethanol from ligno-cellulosic biomass, which can reach competitive cost levels within 1–2 decades (partly depending on price developments with petroleum). Sugar cane based ethanol production already provides a competitive biofuel production system in tropical regions and further improvements are possible. Flexible energy systems, in which biomass and fossil fuels can be used in combination, could be the backbone for a low risk, low cost and low carbon emission energy supply system for large scale supply of fuels and power and providing a framework for the evolution of large scale biomass raw material supply systems. The gasification route offers special possibilities to combine this with low cost CO₂ capture (and storage), resulting in concepts that are both flexible with respect to primary fuel input as well as product mix and with the possibility of achieving zero or even negative carbon emissions. Prolonged RD&D efforts and biomass market development, consistent policy support and international collaboration are essential to achieve this.     

Net Ecosystem Production of Boreal Larch Ecosystems on the Yenisei Transect

The study was carried out in the Turukhansk Research Station of Yenisei Transect (65^°46^′N, 89^°25^′E). Larch (Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr.) is the dominant overstory tree species. The research has been conducted on four permanent test plots in same-age mature (110-year old) and overmature (380-year old) post-fire larch stands of green moss and lichen groups of forest type. Carbon cycle parameters were assessed based on a biometric method. Quantitative analysis of carbon pools and fluxes shows that net ecosystem production of north taiga larch stands averages 32% of net primary production. Sink of atmospheric CO₂ makes 1.22 and 0.74 t C ha^{− 1} year^{− 1} for mature and overmature green moss larch stands, and 0.65 and 0.35 t C ha^{− 1} year^{− 1} for lichen type. Net carbon sink in the tree layer make up 9% of net primary production carbon, ground vegetation – 15%, and dead plant residues accumulation – 8% of atmospheric carbon uptake via photosynthesis.     

Impacts of ozone on the biomass and yield of rice in open-top chambers

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