化学洗脱法去除生物过滤塔中菌体的研究

研究生物量控制技术对于提高生物过滤法处理VOCs气体的长期运行性能具有重要意义.用4套平行的生物过滤塔处理甲苯气体,考察了NaOH溶液对生物过滤塔中菌体的去除效果及其对过滤塔去除甲苯性能的影响.NaOH循环洗脱的试验结果表明,在0.2%～0.8%的NaOH浓度范围内,适宜的循环洗脱持续时间为2～3 h.在4个试验浓度下,浓度为0.4%的NaOH溶液对菌体的去除效果最佳,此时菌体洗脱以脱附作用为主.对不同化学洗脱方式进行综合比较发现,循环洗脱是较为适宜的化学洗脱方式.对过滤塔甲苯去除性能的监测表明,洗脱后过滤塔的去除性能可在3～4 d内恢复,不同浓度NaOH对去除性能的影响差别不大.     

长期施肥对水稻土耕层微生物生物量氮和有机氮组分的影响

以亚热带2个国家级稻田土壤肥力变化长期定位监测点的土样为对象,研究了长期施肥对土壤微生物生物量氮(B_N)和有机氮组分的影响.采用氯仿熏蒸-K₂SO₄提取法和酸水解-蒸馏法分别对耕层土壤微生物生物量氮和有机氮组分进行了测定.结果表明,经过17a的有机无机肥配合施用,土壤氮含量水平较低的宁乡点,土壤全氮平均每年增加约40 　mg·kg^－1,而土壤氮含量水平较高的南县点,平均每年增加约55 　mg·kg^－1.有机无机肥长期配合施用也提高了土壤微生物生物量氮和微生物生物量氮占全氮的比例;同时也显著增加酸解性氮及氨基酸态氮、酸解未知氮的含量.此外,土壤酸解性氮及其组分均与微生物生物量氮存在极显著的正相关关系,其中氨基酸态氮和酸解未知氮对微生物生物量氮的影响最大.研究表明,有机无机肥配施是使稻田土壤氮素含量提高的重要措施,有机无机肥配施促进了土壤氮库的积累,即易矿化和较难矿化2部分氮库同时增加.     

利用微藻同步实现CO2生物固定与养殖废水脱氮除磷

文章欲通过对小球藻Chlorella sp.的优化培养提高微藻的固碳率以及对养殖废水中氮、磷的去除率。探讨了光强、初始氮浓度(ITNC)、CO2通气比、通气间隔时间和连续培养时间等因素对Chlorella sp.固定CO2和净化污水的能力的影响。结果表明,在光强240μmol/(m·s)、初始氮浓度128 mg/L、通气比0.3 m3/(m3·min)、通气通断间隔15 s/60 s条件下培养10 d,微藻达到最高固碳率564.67 mg/(L·d),与此同时,氮、磷去除率和生物质浓度分别达到66.72%、55.95%和3.50 g/L。     

A review on the production of fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass through conventional and enzymatic route—a comparison

The scarcity of fossil fuels has urged the economically developed countries to find the resources for an alternative energy sources. In apprehension to this, biofuels, like bioethanol and biobutanol, produced from lignocellulosic biomass were considered as potential alternative. There are several methods for the pretreatment of biomass before it is being used as a feedstock for the production of fermentable sugars. However, one of the crucial concerns here is to enumerate an economic pretreatment scheme that can be implemented in large scale for the production of mostly exposed cellulosic part from biomass. This will ensure an effective hydrolysis of cellulose for the production of fermentable sugars and the production of biobutanol from these derived sugars. Moreover, the keynote understanding of an effective fermentation is the production of less inhibitory compounds like furfural, hydroxymethyl furfural during the hydrolysis of cellulose. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was reported as the most efficient method is this aspect. Trichoderma sp. was found the mostly used resources for the enzyme called cellulase and Aspergillus sp. for hemicellulase enzymes. The most crucial part here is the isolation of proper enzyme that will increase the rate of hydrolysis. Moreover, selection of proper pretreatment process will be a key benefit to the production of fermentable sugars through enzymatic hydrolysis. Based on the biomass nature, the evaluated hot water pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with a provision of enzyme reusability (like encapsulated or enzyme separation with membrane) seems to be promising for enhanced biofuel-production.     

Production of bio-oil from algal biomass and its upgradation to biodiesel using CaO-based heterogeneous catalysts

The present article deals with the production of bio-oil from algal biomass as well as the preparation and characterization of noble CaO-based heterogeneous catalyst for upgradation of bio-oil to biodiesel. The bio-oil has been extracted from algal biomass using hexane as solvent in soxhlet apparatus and upgraded to biodiesel by transesterification using noble CaO-based heterogeneous catalysts. Catalyst with TiO₂:CaO molar ratio of 0.25 and calcination temperature of 700°C has been found to be most suitable among all the catalysts developed. Characterization of the catalysts has been done by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The input--output model has been developed to correlate experimental and predicted value of biodiesel yield. Optimization of process parameters has been done using response surface methodology. Various properties and elemental composition of algal bio-oil and biodiesel have been determined and compared with biodiesel.     

钙基吸附剂捕集生物质燃气中的二氧化碳

生物质热解燃气中CO2的捕集,是提高燃气热值和实现碳减排的关键问题之一。为利用生物质热解燃气温度偏高的特点,拟通过化学吸附方法,捕集燃气中高浓度的CO2。为此,利用不同钙基前驱物制备了系列钙基固体吸附剂,系列钙基固体吸附剂对CO2的单次吸附和循环吸附实验结果表明,含钙和镁氧化物混合物的吸附剂具有较稳定的循环吸附特性以及较大的吸附负荷。孔结构特性分析表明,适宜于CO2吸附的有效孔径范围可能为小于4 nm。因此,可以通过对天然白云石的改性获得合适孔径的钙镁基固体吸附剂,达到有效捕集生物质燃气中CO2的目的。     

底物浓度影响微生物燃料电池性能和生物生长的模拟研究

建立了含有悬浮微生物、电极上生物量、可溶性化学底物和中介体的微生物燃料电池(MFC)数学模型。通过底物降解、生物增长和电流产生过程的模拟,考察了生物量和底物随时间的变化规律,底物质量浓度对生物量、底物降解和电流的影响。结果表明,当溶液中初始微生物量很少时,随着MFC反应的进行,生物主要富集在电极上,溶液中生物生长缓慢;MFC中的生物生长经历延滞期、对数期和平稳期,底物分解经历缓慢、快速和消耗殆尽3个阶段。底物质量浓度小于等于250 mg/L时,生物延滞期时间、底物缓慢分解阶段时间、生物生长到达平稳时间、底物消耗殆尽的时间和电流到达最大值所需的时间随着底物质量浓度的增加而缩短。底物质量浓度大于250 mg/L时,生物延滞期时间、底物缓慢分解阶段时间、生物生长到达平稳时间、底物消耗殆尽的时间和电流到达最大值所需的时间随着底物质量浓度的增加而增加。     

氯化锌法改性小麦秸秆制备生物碳质吸附剂及其对磷酸根的吸附效果

为实现农作物秸秆资源化,解决水体富营养化问题,将小麦秸秆化学改性成一种可以有效吸附水体中磷酸根的生物碳质吸附剂,重点考察了氯化锌法改性小麦秸秆制备生物碳质吸附剂的最佳工艺条件以及产品对水体中磷酸根的去除效果。结果表明,当氯化锌溶液质量浓度为250 g/L、浸渍比为2.2∶1、活化温度为600℃、活化时间为45 min时,所得的小麦秸秆生物碳质吸附剂的得率为37.85%,对磷酸根的去除率为99.33%。     

螺旋藻和菌-藻共生系统处理啤酒废水简

利用螺旋藻、由真菌和螺旋藻组成的菌-藻共生系统处理啤酒废水,旨在为啤酒废水的资源化利用提供一条可行的途径。由螺旋藻和真菌形成的菌丝球组成菌-藻共生系统处理啤酒废水,与螺旋藻单独处理废水作对比,比较两者的废水净化效果以及螺旋藻的生长情况。从2组实验对比情况来看,菌-藻共生系统对啤酒废水的处理效果更好。螺旋藻和菌-藻共生系统对啤酒废水中几种主要污染物的去除率分别为：COD 70.59%和77.81%,TN 70.17%和84.28%,TP 37.99%和50.88%。螺旋藻在废水中生长积累的蛋白质含量最高可达49.71%,明显高于在Zarrouk培养基中的螺旋藻蛋白含量（38.57%）。研究结果表明,螺旋藻及菌-藻共生系统对啤酒废水有较好的净化作用,所得螺旋藻生物质可用于加工饲料、饵料、色素的提取等。