络合剂Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA对微藻络合体系的影响

高昂的微藻培养成本限制了微藻能源的大规模工业化生产。从降低微藻培养成本的角度出发,将能源微藻的培养与烟道气中脱除NO的两个过程耦联,并使用络合剂Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA提高NO吸收效率。研究通过设置不同的络合剂浓度来观察NO的去除效果和对藻细胞生长、油脂积累的影响。实验发现,络合剂会被系统中的氧化剂氧化而失去络合能力,但微藻可将Fe(Ⅲ)还原成Fe(Ⅱ),系统达到Fe(Ⅱ)浓度平衡,具备持续高效去除NO的能力。当络合剂浓度为20 mmol/L时,系统出口处检出的NO浓度为93 mg/L,NO去除率为76.75%。实验结果还发现,高浓度络合剂不利于微藻细胞的生长和油脂积累,系统反应24 h后两种对应的光密度(OD值)和油脂含量分别为0.82、9.93%和0.69、8.89%。因此,在构建微藻-络合剂体系中,初始络合剂浓度应兼顾NO的去除和细胞生长代谢、油脂积累,使系统效果达到最优。     

ATP as an indicator of biomass activity in thermophilic upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor

This work investigated the biomass activity in a thermophilic upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor of wastewater treatment. Synthetic textile wastewater with pH 10-11, COD level of 2000-3000 mg/L was tested. Cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in volatile solids (VS; mg ATP/gVS) was measured and expressed as specific ATP content to compare the biomass activity in up zone and lower zone in UASB reactor. The result shows that the specific ATP content based on total volatile solids (VS)in lower zone (0. 046 mgATP/gVS average) is much lower than that in up zone (0.62 mgATP/gVS average) due to high content of inactive biomass and high pH in lower zone. The SATP in up zone increases as HRT increases and approaches to a maximum value of 0.85 mgATP/gVS at HRT of 7h, then decreases. It shows most of the total VS in up zone represent active bacterial biomass at HRT of 7h. Rate of subtract utilization is directly related to the activity of microorganisms in the reactor. The effect of HRT on SATP in lower zone is not as significant as on SATP in up zone. The buffer capacity of the thermophilic UASB reactor is very good. It is the activity of sludge granules in lower zone that give the UASB reactor such a good buffer capacity to the inlet high pH.     

Bio-Energy Systems at the Community Level in the South Pacific: Impacts & Monitoring

Read, Sims and Adams (2001) detailed a case study for bio-energy implementation in a notional small Pacific Island and elaborated a theoretical model for assessing and simulating the socio-economic impacts of a particular bio-energy system designed to produce an exportable liquid fuel along with rural electricity supplies. An important conclusion was that there is no silver-bullet ‘one size fits all’ bio-energy system suited to all situations. Moreover, a system appropriate at one place and time may become obsolete with exogenous technological advance and/or as a community advances down its own development pathway. In order to understand how these issues interact in practice, a selected set of implementation projects is reviewed highlighting scale, capacity, community, technology, governmental policy and the concept of critical mass, as factors that are central to the successful development of the bioenergy sector. Through this evaluation, it is shown that: 1.A significant biomass supply resource base often exists locally in the form of agricultural and forestry residues on which modern bioenergy programmes could be initiated. The use of biomass energy flow charts are an important tool for evaluating the potential of local and national resources. 2. Without an integrated multi-disciplinary, multi-sector and whole-systems approach to the implementation of bioenergy schemes, long term success is likely to remain elusive. 3. There is a requirement at the national level for a coordinated approach with strong policy signals that overcome perverse and practical obstacles.     

科尔沁沙地不同沙漠化阶段植物种多样性与沙地草场地上生物量关系研究

论文从植被的种丰富度和功能多样性两个方面研究不同沙漠化阶段科尔沁沙地植物种多样性与沙地草场地上生物量的关系。相关分析表明,在科尔沁沙地不同沙漠化阶段,植物种多样性和沙地草场地上生物量的关系与多样性指数计算的基本单位有关。研究结果显示:①依据一年生、多年生和灌木等生活型为划分标准的功能多样性,在固定沙丘、半流动沙丘和流动沙丘阶段与沙地草场地上生物量的关系最密切,关联系数分别为-0.534、-0.574和-0.431。以豆科植物、C₃植物和C₄植物为划分标准的功能多样性,在半固定沙丘阶段与沙地草场地上生物量的关系最密切,关联系数为0.722。②在不同的沙漠化阶段,生活型多样性与地上生物量的关系呈负相关。说明在不同沙漠化程度的草场中,植物生活型组成的不均匀,有利于提高沙地草场地上生物量。③从不同生活型在各个沙漠化阶段中的种丰富度特征来看,一年生植物最高,多年生植物次之,灌木最低,平均值分别为9(±6.0)、3(±2.6)和1.8(±1.0),说明一年生植物在沙地植被组成中占主导地位。同时,研究结果表明,在不同沙漠化阶段中,以豆科植物、C₃植物和C₄植物划分的功能类型组的平均重要值以C₄植物最高,C₃植物次之,豆科最低,分别为48(±12.3)、39.7(±3.6)和12.3(±14.3),说明C₄类植物在科尔沁沙地植     

铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻和谷皮菱形藻在低光照度下的生长研究

实验研究了铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻和谷皮菱形藻在75～1 200lx光照度下的生长情况.实验结果表明光照度为600lx以下时,3种藻都受到了光的抑制作用,生长缓慢;光照度为600～1 200lx时,3种藻的生物量随光照度的增加均有不同程度的增加,其中增加最显著的是谷皮菱形藻,其次才是铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻.     

Potential of Co2 emission reductions by carbonizing biomass waste from industrial tree plantation in South Sumatra,Indonesia

Approximately half of the carbon in trees can be fixed to charcoal by carbonization. Porous charcoal is useful as a soil amendment for crop fields and forests, and also as a water purifying agent. Given these facts, charcoal production should be recognized as one of the most promising CO₂ sequestration methods. A project on biomass utilization and forest conservation is proposed as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project, by incorporating the carbonization of biomass residue and waste from tree plantations and pulp mills, and also the utilization of carbon products in various fields. A feasibility study was conducted with the existing project of an industrial tree plantation and pulp production in Indonesia. If conventional charcoal-making methods are used, a total of 368,000 t yr^-1 of biomass residue and waste could be transformed into charcoal of77,000 t yr^-1, and the carbon emission reductions by the project reaches 62,000t-C yr^-1 (or 230,000 t-CO₂yr^-1) in consideration of the project baseline. This charcoal project could provide jobs for approximately 2,600people. The soil fertility in man-made forests could be maintained by returning charcoal to the original forests. Therefore, the project would be beneficial to the regional economy. In addition, the present charcoal project is expected to give more positive impacts than negative ones, or leakage, beyond the project boundary. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

千岛湖蓝藻生物量制约因素分析

以千岛湖监测数据为依据，运用相关性分析和多元逐步回归统计方法，对蓝藻生物量与环境理化指标的关系进行研究分析，找出与蓝藻生物量显著相关的环境因子，建立多元逐步回归方程，预测千岛湖藻类生物量的变化情况，分析结果表明，水温，水深和总磷为蓝藻生物量的显著相关因子。     

牡丹江海浪河水栉霉总量调查与分析

由于牡丹江市海浪河水质污染,造成水栉霉大量繁衍,影响了牡丹江市西水源正常供水,引起各有关方面的高度重视.为控制、消除水栉霉的影响,为领导决策提供科学依据,我们对海浪河水栉霉总量进行了调查与分析,经全流域徒步沿河调查、采样分析、统计,计算出水栉霉生物总量.统计表明海浪河从河夹水坝至入牡丹江河口,水栉霉生物量呈递减趋势.控制有机污染是抑制水栉霉大量繁衍的最有效手段.     

浮动填料活性污泥法应用

本文介绍了浮协填料活性污泥系统的开发背景与应用实践。试验表明应用浮动填料可大幅度提高曝气池中的活性污泥浓度并增加硝化菌的固着量，因而使该系统对ＣＯＤ、氨氮和总氮的去除能力均优于普通活性污泥系统。添加浮动填料可简易地改造现有的性污泥法处理系统，以适应更严格的排放标准。可增加原系统的容积负荷，有良好的发展前景。     

土壤微生物对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

土壤微生物是生态系统的重要组成部分，了解它对大气CO2浓度升高的响应，是全面评价大气CO2浓度对陆地生态系统影响的关键。文章主要从土壤微生物呼吸和生物量两个方面总结了大气CO2浓度升高时土壤微生物的反应，结果发现，(1)在目前实验室进行的大多数研究中，随着CO2浓度升高，土壤微生物的呼吸速率加快了。这意味着随着CO2的增多，植物生长加快，进而又使得进入土壤的C质量分数增大；这些额外增加的底物被土壤微生物的代谢活动所利用。(2)土壤微生物生物量则存在着很大的变异性(变异系数为193％)，这可能与植物种类以及生活型的差异有关，也可能是进入土壤的底物的性质改变的结果。但是目前仍有许多问题未能解决，需要加强以下几个方面的研究：对土壤微生物活动有限制作用的植物有机底物在CO2浓度升高时输入量的变化状况，定量分析这一动态变化过程；在生态系统各个水平上土壤微生物的反应；在其他全球变化因子综合作用下，CO2浓度升高对土壤微生物的影响。