固硫煤和普通煤对SO2污染和健康危害的对比研究

探讨固硫煤与普通煤燃烧造成室内SO2污染及对健康的危害作用.将家兔分别喂养在燃烧固硫煤、普通煤和不烧煤的环境中连续观察90d,每天监测室内环境中SO2、CO的浓度;实验各时期测定家兔LYS含量和血清中SOD、GSH-PX、SA浓度.结果:固硫煤组SO224h平均浓度(2.68mg/m3)明显低于普通煤组(13.04mg/m3),但CO水平两组间无明显差异.实验90d后与实验前的GSH-PX值的差值比较,普通煤＞空白对照组＞固硫煤组,普通煤和固硫煤组间的差别有显著性意义(p＜0.05);SOD、SA、LYS值在实验期有所变化,但各组间的差别无显著性意义 (p＞0.05).结论:提示燃煤煤烟中SO2能影响生物体内SOD、GSH-PX、LYS、SA的浓度变化,燃烧固硫煤能明显降低SO2的污染,故使用固硫煤可减少燃煤煤烟对健康的危害.     

Effect of acetate on lead toxicity to microbial biomass in a red soil

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外加磷源对陶粒滤池生物膜特性的影响研究

以我国北方某磷含量较低的水库水源水作为生物陶粒滤池预处理原水,在其中添加微量的磷源,考察磷源对陶粒滤池生物膜的影响．试验中安装了两套相同的陶粒滤池,以便进行比较研究．原水直接进入陶粒滤池A(BF-A),原水中添加25μg/L的PO4^3--P(H3PO4)后进入陶粒滤池B(BF-B)．结果表明,对于本试验所用原水,添加磷源后,生物陶粒滤池内的生物膜发生明显的变化．BF-B中陶粒生物膜的细菌数量高出BF-A17％～27％,脂磷含量高出BF-A13％-22％,微生物耗氧速率高出BF-A35％-45％,BF-B对原水中有机物的去除效率优于BF-A。     

改性菌丝体对Ni2+的吸附特性研究

通过专利对菌丝体进行了改性。所制备的改性菌丝体对重金属离子具有良好的吸附效果。结果表明 ,其对Ni2 + 的吸附容量 6 3.2mg/g (初始水溶液中Ni2 + 浓度为 2 0 0mg/L) ,是甲壳素吸附剂的 3.3倍 (19.1mg/g) ,与壳聚糖吸附剂相比吸附容量提高了 135 % ,与D75 1与南开 15 2相比吸附容量非常接近。用 0 .5 %— 0 .2 %的解吸剂便可以完全解吸 ,能够重复使用达 6次以上。本文还研究了改性菌丝体对Ni2 + 的吸附过程中重要的影响因素 ,结果发现 ,在微碱性 (pH =8— 9)条件下 ,改性菌丝体可以把初始浓度高达 80 0mg/L的Ni2 + 溶液一次性降低到 17mg/L ,为改性菌丝体在工业废水处理中的应用奠定了良好的基础。     

Biomass Burning in the Amazon-Fertilizer for the Mountaineous Rain Forest in Ecuador (7 pp)

Background Biomass burning is a source of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen compounds which, along with their photochemically generated reaction products, can be transported over very long distances, even traversing oceans. Chemical analyses of rain and fogwater samples collected in the mountaineous rain forest of south Ecuador show frequent episodes of high sulfate and nitrate concentration, from which annual deposition rates are derived comparable to those found in polluted central Europe. As significant anthropogenic sources are lacking at the research site it is suspected that biomass burning upwind in the Amazon basin is the major source of the enhanced sulfate and nitrate imput. Methods Regular rain and fogwater sampling along an altitude profile between 1800 and 3185 m has been carried out in the Podocarpus National Park close to the Rio SanFrancisco (3°58'S, 79°5'W) in southern Ecuador. pH values, electrical conductivity and chemical ion composition were measured at the TUM-WZW using standard methods. Results and Discussion Results reported cover over one year from March 2002 until May 2003. Annual deposition rates of sulfate were calculated ranging between 4 and 13 kg S/ha year, almost as high as in polluted central Europe. Nitrogen deposition via ammonia (1.5–4.4 kg N/ha year) and nitrate (0.5–0.8 kg N/ha year) was found to be lower but still much higher than to be expected in such pristine natural forest environment. By means of back trajectory analyses it can be shown that most of the enhanced sulfur and nitrogen deposition is most likely due to forest fires far upwind of the Ecuadorian sampling site, showing a seasonal variation, with sources predominantly found in the East/NorthEast during January–March (Colombia, Venezuela, Northern Brazil) and East/SouthEast during July–September (Peru, Brazil). Conclusion Our results show that biomass burning in the Amazon basin is the predominant source of sulfur and nitrogen compounds that fertilize the mountaineous rain forest in south Ecuador. Recommendation and Outlook The mountaineous rain forest in south Ecuador has developed on poor and acid soils, with low nutrient availability. The additional fertilization resulting from anthropogenic biomass burning constitutes a significant disturbance of this ecosystem, its functioning and biodiversity. Thus it is planned to employ isotope analyses for quantifying the pathways of nitrate and sulfate deposition in these natural forests.     

城市垃圾中生物质在热分析仪中燃烧的动力学模型研究

为了合理有效利用城市垃圾中的生物质能，实现城市垃圾的无害化、减量化、资源化利用，开发适合我国城市垃圾中生物质的焚烧技术，特地对昆明市城市垃圾中生物质进行了特性分析，并在热重分析天平上对其进行了动力学实验研究与分析。结果表明，城市垃圾中生物质的燃烧过程大致可以分为四个阶段，即脱水干燥阶段、挥发份的析出和燃烧阶段、过渡阶段和固定炭燃烧阶段。城市生活垃圾中生物质具有着火温度低、燃尽率高等特点。通过对热重（TG）、差示扫描曲线（DTA）的深入分析，对城市垃圾中生物质的燃烧动力学参数进行了研究，为实现城市垃圾无害化提供理论与技术的支持。     

白云石的硫化氢高温脱除性能研究

用天然白云石制备了半焙烧白云石和全焙烧白云石,并在固定床上对这些白云石进行硫化氢的高温脱除性栽能研究,同时考察了反应温度、空速、粒子粒径对白云石脱硫性能的影响.用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TG)和气体吸附等测试手段,对脱硫剂的物相组成、结构、比表面积和孔容进行了表征.结果表明,白云石是一种很好的吸硫剂.在同样条件下,3种白云石中半焙烧白云石具有最好的脱硫效果;而对于同一种白云石,反应条件的差异也会导致其脱硫效果的变化.白云石的脱硫性能与其微观结构有密切关系.     

利用农作物秸秆生产生物质“颗粒”燃料

利用农业的废弃物及各类秸秆或杂草，经粉碎、蒸汽搅拌，在一定的温度下进行挤压（压缩）、干燥等工序，制成生物质“颗粒”燃料，替代煤、石油等不可再生燃料，具有良好的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。     

流化床生物质气化过程的中试研究

在流化床生物质气化炉内 ,用空气进行气化生物质 (花生壳 )的试验研究 ,分析的参数是ER(0 .2— 0 .45 ) ,气化床的温度 (75 0— 85 0℃ )。当当量比ER在 0 .2 5— 0 .33范围内 ,气化燃气热值为 6 .2— 6 .8MJ/Nm3,气体产量在 2 6 0—30 0Nm3/h。并对七种农、林废弃物进行了初步气化实验研究。生成的燃气成分 :CO在 14%— 17%之间 ,H2 含量一般低于10 % ,甲烷含量为 5 %— 10 %。燃气热值多数在 5 30 0— 6 5 0 0kJ/Nm3,气化效率 72 .6 %。实验结果表明 ,流化床生物质气化炉可用于生物质气化     

农林生物质在含铬废水处理中的应用

农林生物质作为低成本吸附剂在环境污染治理中日益受到重视。综述了农林生物质在含铬废水处理中的应用研究进展,分析了生物质处理含铬废水的机理、影响因素,指出了生物质法处理含铬废水的发展方向。