鼎湖山主要植被类型土壤微生物生物量研究

对鼎湖山国家级自然保护区3种主要植被类型：季风常绿阔叶林，针阔叶混交林和马尾松林土壤微生物生物量进行了研究。结果表明，土壤微生物生物量（mg.kg^-1）在季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松林中分别为：822，588，530，季风常绿阔叶林显著高于针阔叶混交林和马尾松林（P〈0．01），而针阔叶混交林和马尾松林无显著差异（P〉0．05）；土壤中微生物量高的土壤中，有机碳含量也相应高，两者的比值可反应土壤碳的积累或损失，研究表明，鼎湖山3种主要植被类型土壤均处于碳积累过程；季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松林土壤微生物碳周转量（t.hm^-2．a^-1）依次为：14．07，11．45，9，60，碳素的周转带动了其他营养元素的循环和能量的流动；土壤微生物代谢熵（mg.g^-1．h^-1）由低到高依次是季风常绿阔叶林（0．59）、针阔叶混交林（0．96）和马尾松林（1．33），表明土壤微生物对土壤碳的利用效率季风常绿阔叶林较高，马尾松林较低。     

非污染生态影响评价的生产力方法—以广东南亚热带地区为例

国家环境保护总局于1998年正式颁布实施非污染生态影响评价。非污染生态影响评价的方法很多，就以广东南亚热带地区为例研究非污染生态影响评价的生产力方法，并分析了这种方法的优点和存在的不足，以给区域建设项目的非污染生态影响评价提供借鉴。     

光合细菌在环境领域的研究与应用进展

光合细菌是自然界中一类特殊的微生物,它可以借助光能进行营养物质的代谢和生长。随着近年来研究的逐步深入,发现光合细菌在环境领域的水体净化、脱氮除磷、生物质能化以及农牧业生产等相关领域都发挥着重要的作用。文章系统的介绍了光合细菌的分类和生理生化性质特征,并综述了光合细菌在环境及其相关领域的研究和应用进展,同时,结合目前已经广泛应用的技术手段提出了光合细菌在水污染控制等环境领域应用的一些新的技术设想和研究思路。     

生物质能源及发电技术研究

随着能源消耗和环境污染之间矛盾的加剧,使得人类需要寻找一些相对比较清洁的可再生能源。生物质能源由于其数量巨大,环境污染小,并具有可再生性,成为目前比较好的选择之一。生物质能发电是生物质能利用的主要方式之一。介绍了生物质能的特点及利用转化方式,重点讲述了直接燃烧发电技术、气化发电技术以及生物质燃料电池技术,最后根据我国国情指出了生物质能利用的主要问题及几点建议。对我国生物质能发电的发展提供了技术参考和技术支持。     

生物质颗粒层燃工业锅炉节能减排技术分析与测试研究

生物质颗粒层燃工业锅炉的节能减排技术主要取决于生物质颗粒燃料特性、锅炉系统和燃烧技术。介绍了生物质颗粒燃料特性、生物质颗粒层燃锅炉和燃烧技术特点,并结合一台DZW6-1.25型生物质颗粒层燃锅炉能效测试说明生物质颗粒层燃技术在工业锅炉应用的高效低污染燃烧的节能环保技术优点。     

Development of an agroforestry carbon sequestration project in Khammam district,India

This paper addresses methodological issues in estimating carbon (C) sequestration potential, baseline determination, additionality and leakage in Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh, southern part of India. Technical potential for afforestation on cultivable wastelands, fallow, and marginal croplands was considered for Eucalyptus clonal plantations. Field studies for aboveground and belowground biomass, woody litter, and soil organic carbon for baseline and project scenarios were conducted to estimate the carbon sequestration potential. The baseline carbon stock was estimated to be 45.3 t C/ha, predominately in soils. The additional carbon sequestration potential under the project scenario for 30 years is estimated to be 12.8 t C/ha/year inclusive of harvest regimes and carbon emissions due to biomass burning and fertilizer application. Considering carbon storage in harvested wood, an additional 45% carbon benefit can be accounted. The project scenario has a higher benefit/cost ratio compared to the baseline scenario. The initial investment cost requirement, however, is high and lack of access to investment is a significant barrier for adoption of agroforestry in the district.

不同类型沉积物磷形态转化及其对狐尾藻生长的影响

在室内模拟条件下利用不同类型沉积物培养穗状狐尾藻,分析了沉积物与上覆水各形态磷的变化,以及狐尾藻生物量和根系形态的差异,揭示不同沉积物中各形态磷的转化特性及其对沉水植物生长的影响.结果表明,在研究条件下,外加细沙改变了沉积物的颗粒度,促进沉积物中磷的释放,增加了上覆水磷浓度;外加氮源,改变沉积物的化学性状,抑制沉积物中磷的释放,降低了上覆水中磷的浓度;添加细沙使狐尾藻植株及根系干重增加了49%和107%,根长增加了19%;而外加氮源对植株根系生长产生了抑制作用,使狐尾藻早衰;狐尾藻生长促进了沉积物中磷的释放,其衰退增加了沉积物中磷的沉积,各形态磷随着狐尾藻的生长呈先降后升趋势,其中以Fe/Al-P变化量最大(41%～57%);根系长度是影响狐尾藻对沉积物中磷吸收和释放的主要形态指标,根直径主要通过影响沉积物的通透性间接促进沉积物中磷的释放.     

人工湿地污水处理系统冬季植物的筛选与评价

选用25种冬季湿地植物进行了污水净化潜力筛选试验,并在综合应用原有湿地植物筛选与评价体系的基础上,增加植物逆境酶和基质酶指标,对试验植物进行了聚类分析.结果表明,测试植物的根系长度、活力、叶片丙二醛含量、生长量、氮磷浓度、氮磷的积累能力、根际基质脲酶活性与磷酸酶活性均存在显著差异.采用建立的净化潜力评价体系将测试植物聚类分为3大类,第1类净化力强,植物种类有水芹、油菜、灯芯草、虎耳草、德国鸢尾、桂花和花菖蒲,第2类净化力中等,植物种类有羽衣甘蓝、金盏菊、撒金珊瑚、女贞、红甜菜、杜鹃和大叶冬青,第3类净化力弱,植物种类有白菜、五月菊、月季、金鱼草、麦冬、葱兰、熊掌木、矮牵牛、小叶冬青、香石竹和红继木.     

Metabolism of n-C10:0 and n-C11:0 fatty acids by Trichoderma koningii,Penicillium janthinellum and their mixed culture: I. Biomass and CO2 production,and allocation of intracellular lipids

The capacity of two soil fungi, Trichoderma koningii and Penicillium janthinellum, to oxidize n-C_10:0 and n-C_11:0 fatty acids to CO₂ and store intracellular lipids during growth is unknown. This article reports for the first time the metabolism of decanoic acid (DA, C_10:0), undecanoic acid (UDA, n-C_11:0), a mixture of the acids (UDA+DA) and a mixture of UDA+ potato dextrose broth (PDB) by T. koningii and P. janthinellum and their mixed culture. A control PDB complex substrate was used as a substrate control treatment. The fungal cultures were assayed for their capacity to: (1) oxidize n-C_10:0 and n-C_11:0 fatty acids to CO₂ and (2) store lipids intracellularly during growth. On all four fatty acid substrates, the mixed T. koningii and P. janthinellum culture produced more biomass and CO₂ than the individual fungal cultures. Per 150 mL culture, the mixed species culture grown on UDA+PDB and on PDB alone produced the most biomass (7,567 mg and 11,425 mg, respectively). When grown in DA, the mixed species culture produced the least amount of biomass (6,400 mg), a quantity that was lower than those obtained in UDA (7,550 mg) or UDA+DA (7,270 mg). Amounts of CO₂ produced ranged from 210 mg under DA to 618 mg under PDB, and these amounts were highly correlated with biomass (r² = 0.99). Fluorescence microscopy of stained lipids in the mixed fungal cell cultures growing during the exponential phase demonstrated larger fungal cells and higher accumulation of lipids in membranes and storage bodies than those observed during the lag and stationary phases. T. koningii and P. janthinellum grown on n-C_10:0 and n-C_11:0 fatty acids produced lower amounts of biomass and CO₂, but stored higher amounts of intracellular lipids, than when grown on PDB alone.     

Effect of selected herbicides on activities of microorganisms in soils

Abstract

With the exception of EPTC, herbicide treatments showed inhibitory effects on bacterial colony counts in a sandy loam soil for the first week. Monolinuron and simazine were stimulatory to the growth of fungi in the organic soil after 2 wk. None of the herbicide treatments affected nitrification during the first week of incubation. Except the treatment of EPTC in organic soil, all herbicides inhibited nitrification after 2 wk in both soils. All herbicide treatments stimulated SO₄ formation during the 8‐wk period in the sandy loam soil. Simazine and tridiphane also stimulated sulfur oxidation after 4 wk in an organic soil. With the exception of EPTC and nitrapyrin, no significant inhibitory effect on the amount of biomass‐C was observed in the organic soil. A stimulatory effect on denitrification was observed with EPTC for 2 wk and monolinuron for 1 wk in the sandy loam soil and with simazine and tridiphane after 2 wk in the organic soil. It is apparent that the indigenous soil microorganisms can tolerate the effects of the chemicals for control of soil weeds.