生物质型煤工业成型新方法及影响因素分析

针对原有生物质型煤高压成型机的局限性和不经济性,成功地开发了完全利用生物质纤维的交联作用实现成型的新产品,初步考察了煤种、成型压力、生物质形态及配比和成型水分对新方法成型性能的影响.结果表明:新方法对不同煤种和生物质普适性强;型煤机械性能随生物质配比的提高而增强,纯生物质成型性能优异,适宜的低配比为15%;能将生物质交联作用固结下来的成型压力特征值＜120MPa,过高的成型压力反而产生负面影响;适当调高生物质配比和降低成型压力能显著缓解水分对高压成型的不利影响,大同煤的许可成分高达10%以上.     

Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings

Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.     

Process conditions of preparing methanol from cornstalk gas

The low-heat-value cornstalk gas produced in the down-flow fixed bed gasifier was tentatively used for methanol synthesis. The cornstalk gas was purified and the technical procedures such as deoxygenation, desulfurization, catalytic cracking of tar, purification and hydrogenation were studied. The catalytic experiments of methanol synthesis with cornstalk syngas were carried out in a tubular-flow integral and isothermal reactor. The effect of reaction temperature, pressure, catalysttypes, catalyst particle size, syngas flow at entering end and composition of syngas was investigated. The optimum process conditions and yield of methanol from cornstalk syngas were obtained. The experimental results indicated that the proper catalyst of the synthetic reaction was C301 and the optimum catalyst size (φ) was 0.833 mm×0.351 mm. The optimum operating temperature and pressure were found to be 235℃ and 5 Mpa, respectively. The suitable syngas flow 0.9-1.10 mol/h at entering end was selected and the best composition of syngas were CO 10.49%, CO2 8.8%, N2 37.32%, CnHm 0.95% and H2 40.49%. The best methanol yield is 0.418 g/g cornstalk. The study provided the technical support for the industrial test of methanol production from biomass (cornstalk)gas.     

SAMPLING CHARACTERISTICS OF MACROPHYTE BIOMASS1

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the virtues of a stratified random system for sampling aquatic plant biomass. It also discusses factors which might be wed to stratify samples and it presents a case study of Lilly Lake, wisconsin, where a stratified random system reduced sampling efforts by about 37 percent.     

黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地泥沙沉积及外源镉Cd输入对碱蓬物质量分配及抗氧化酶活性的影响

近年来黄河三角洲面临退化等的生态问题,调水调沙为湿地补充淡水恢复退化湿地的同时,也改变了沉积环境,并带来大量外源重金属,从而对植被生长产生影响.为此本文选择黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地先锋植被碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)为研究对象,基于微区试验研究了不同泥沙沉积深度(0、3、6、12 cm)及不同Cd输入量(0、0.5、1.0、1.5 mg·kg~(-1))对碱蓬物质量分配及抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明:适当的浅层埋深叶绿素含量高,利于碱蓬生长,而过量的埋深叶绿素含量低,并对碱蓬生长产生抑制作用;随着Cd输入量的增加,碱蓬叶绿素含量和生物量呈现出减小的趋势.泥沙沉积为0 cm、3 cm及Cd输入为0 mg·kg~(-1)、0.5 mg·kg~(-1)时,CAT和SOD活性增强,但随着胁迫的增加,SOD活性减弱,且在最大埋深处理(12 cm)时,大量的Cd输入(1.0 mg·kg~(-1)、1.5 mg·kg~(-1))时CAT活性分别比对照高62.66%和58.56%,CAT活性在最大埋深(12 cm)和最大Cd输入(1.5 mg·kg~(-1))时取得最大值(15.76 U·mg-1).方差分析结果表明Cd输入对碱蓬蛋白含量、CAT和SOD活性具有显著的影响,泥沙埋深对蛋白含量及SOD活性具有显著影响,两者的交互作用对CAT和SOD的影响达到显著水平(P0.05).以上结果表明调水调沙带来的泥沙沉积和外源重金属输入对黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地先锋植被碱蓬生长带来一定的影响,在一定范围内碱蓬也能够通过改变生物量分配及调节体内抗氧化酶活性来适应不同的生存环境.     

中国森林植被生物量空间网格化估计

森林是陆地生态系统的重要碳库之一,在全球碳循环中发挥着巨大作用。森林生物量是核算森林碳储量的主要因子,其数量及空间分布是评估森林生态系统碳汇潜力的重要参数。论文以中国第8次森林资源清查资料为基础,以影响森林生物量空间分布的气候（气温、降水）、地形（高程、坡度）和植被因子（NDVI）为辅助,利用降尺度方法估算了1 km×1 km格网分辨率下的中国森林生物量,并从不同空间尺度对研究结果进行了验证。结果表明：1）中国森林生物量总量约为13.56 Pg,平均生物量密度为65.3 t/hm²,各省森林生物量总量差异较大,总量较高省份主要集中于西南和东北内蒙古地区,其中西南地区（西藏、四川、云南）最高,为4.5 Pg,占总量的33%;东北内蒙古地区（黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古）次之,为3.58 Pg,占总量的26%;2）在省级尺度构建的森林生物量与相关影响因子的回归关系可用于栅格尺度下森林生物量的降尺度估算,多尺度验证分析表明网格化估算结果基本合理;3）中国森林生物量空间格局区域分异规律明显,大致以东北至西南为界,与水热条件空间分布格局基本一致,生物量高值区主要集中于东北地区（大小兴安岭、长白山地区）、西南地区（横断山脉）、新疆山区（阿尔泰山、天山、昆仑山）、秦岭和东南武夷山等地区。     

1973~2013年黑龙江省森林碳储量及其动态变化

基于1973~2013年8次省森林清查数据以及实测数据改进的生物量蓄积量转换参数,利用生物量转换因子连续函数法,研究了近40a黑龙江省森林碳储量及其动态变化.结果表明：黑龙江省森林碳储量从1973~1976年的1159.35 TgC下降到2009~2013年的833.99 TgC,其中天然林减少387.51 TgC,人工林增加62.15 TgC;森林总体表现为碳源（-10.88 TgC/a）,主要归因于天然林面积的减少.不同森林类型的碳储量存在较大差异,桦木、落叶松和阔叶混是碳储量的主要贡献者;大多数森林类型的碳密度呈上升趋势.森林以中、幼龄林为主,中龄林碳储量占同期全省总量的27.9%~46.6%,其他龄组的碳储量均呈减少趋势,以成熟林最为明显（201.17 TgC）;幼龄林、中龄林和近熟林的碳密度分别增加2.20、3.21和3.43MgC/hm²,成熟林和过熟林则有所下降;不同龄组森林面积和碳密度的变化是导致其碳储量变化的主要原因.     

连续/间歇曝气下MBBR-亚硝化生物膜特性

本文分别以连续曝气和间歇曝气方式长期运行两套亚硝化移动床生物膜反应器,对比分析两种曝气方式下亚硝化生物膜特性差异和变化.研究表明,连续曝气和间歇曝气均可实现亚硝化生物膜生长（K_d> 0）,但间歇曝气下生物膜连续脱落对生物总量基本无影响,生物膜生长过程更加稳定,且当亚硝化运行稳定后,间歇曝气可获得更高的生物总量（1.42g/m²）.而连续曝气下生物膜可获得更高的蛋白质/多糖（PN/PS=1.8~2.0）和蛋白质/挥发性固体（PN/VS=0.145）以及更低的腐殖质/挥发性固体（HS/VS=0.05）和死细胞占比（13.66%）.这说明连续曝气下生物膜中活性生物量占比更高,惰性生物量占比更低,活细胞占比更高,因而生物膜活性更高,微生物代谢更活跃.荧光实时定量PCR结果显示,以连续曝气运行的MBBR生物膜中亚硝化菌总量远高于间歇曝气,连续曝气更利于亚硝化菌的生长富集（2.36copies×10⁸/g > 0.25copies×10⁸/g）.     

新型生物质粉体燃料破碎系统

生物质的破碎是生物质能源利用转化的前提条件。本文介绍了一种用于生物质精细破碎的成套系统，简述了其中粗破碎机、精破碎机的结构特点和工作原理，并对生物质破碎的原料和破碎产物以及系统的生产效率和生产成本进行了分析。