Monitoring of the Fate, Transport, and Effects of Sewage Sludge Disposed at the 106-Mile Deepwater Municipal Sludge Dump Site

Since 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has conducted monitoring studies to determine the transport, fate, and effects of sewage sludge dumped at the 106-Mile Deepwater Municipal Sludge Dump Site (106-Mile Site). This paper describes EPA's 106-Mile Site monitoring activities and the results from six oceanographic surveys of the Site. Surveys have been conducted to track sewage sludge plumes and monitor dispersion and settling characteristics; study plume toxicity and contaminant levels; search for sludge and sludge constituents in surface waters in the area of the Site up 74 km (40 nautical miles) away; maintain a stationary real-time current meter near the Site; deploy and retrieve approximately 50 sediment traps and 17 current meters on 10 arrays from Hudson Canyon south to Delaware Canyon, at depths ranging from 1500 to 2800 m; and deploy satellite-tracked drifters. Results of studies completed to date have provided field data on the chemical and physical behaviour of sludge discharge plumes. Short-term persistence of sludge particles in surface waters above the pycnocline was observed and advection of sludge material from the Site may be rapid, in many cases on the order of hours. A suggestion that removal of sludge material from the surface mixed layer at the Site occurs more from horizontal mixing and advection than from vertical transport processes is supported by the data. Finally, monitoring results have provided data for assessment of permit compliance and for development of additional monitoring to detect far-field transport and long-term impacts - monitoring efforts relative to these concetns continue.     

Performance and stability of an anaerobic fixed bed reactor subjected to progressive increasing concentrations of influent organic matter and organic shock loads

Data on the performance of a horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass (HAIB) reactor subjected to step increases of organic loading rates (OLR) and to organic shock loads (OSL) are presented and discussed. The tubular reactor (100 cm long and 5 cm diameter) with a useful volume of 1995 mL was filled with polyurethane foam cubic matrices holding immobilized biomass and fed with synthetic wastewater. The reactor was operated at the controlled temperature of 30+/-1 degrees C and hydraulic retention time of 7 h. After about 15 days, the HAIB reactor attained operating stability. Thereafter, it was subjected to step increases of the applied OLR that ranged from 6.8 to 18.8 kg COD/m(3)d. After steady state had been achieved at each step, OSL corresponding to approximately three times the operating OLR were applied for 7 h. No disturbance was observed due to the step increase in OLR. An increase in effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations and a decrease in the percentage of methane in the biogas were observed due to OSL applications. However, stability of the monitoring parameters was always restored approximately 17 h after the application of OSL for all conditions tested.     

SAMPLING CHARACTERISTICS OF MACROPHYTE BIOMASS1

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the virtues of a stratified random system for sampling aquatic plant biomass. It also discusses factors which might be wed to stratify samples and it presents a case study of Lilly Lake, wisconsin, where a stratified random system reduced sampling efforts by about 37 percent.     

影响秸秆发电产业发展的制约因素分析——基于五河凯迪生物质能发电厂调研

利用秸秆发电是实践循环经济的一条重要途经,具有多方面的优势,近年来在我国得到较快发展。然而,达到我国中长期发展目标,还面临许多问题。在对五河凯迪生物质能发电厂调查研究的基础上,分析了影响我国秸秆发电产业发展的制约因素,并提出对策建议。     

不同生物质燃烧排放多环芳烃及糖醇类化合物的模拟研究

选择水稻、小麦、玉米及棉花秸秆与马尾松枝,采集模拟燃烧时排放的PM2.5,分析PM2.5中多环芳烃(PAHs)和糖醇类化合物的含量,获得PM2.5及负载的两类化合物的排放因子;采用500 W汞灯直接照射收集了PM2.5的尘膜,获得了中、高环PAHs及左旋葡聚糖的光解动力学.结果表明,PM2.5的排放因子介于(2.26±0.60)g·kg-1(马尾松枝)~(14.33±5.26)g·kg-1(玉米秸秆)之间;19种PAHs的排放因子介于(0.82±0.21)mg·kg-1(马尾松枝)~(11.14±5.69)mg·kg-1(棉花秸秆)之间,且以4环类PAHs所占比例最高,介于51%~71%之间(其中马尾松枝燃烧时惹烯的排放因子最大);9种糖醇类化合物的排放因子范围为(52.34±50.16)mg·kg-1(水稻秸秆)~(238.81±33.62)mg·kg-1(小麦秸秆),且都以左旋葡聚糖占绝对优势(72%~96%).光照模拟显示,目标化合物的光照损失都遵循拟一级动力学,其中≥4环的PAHs的光解速率常数随着尘膜中PAHs的负载量增大而减小,来源特征比值Flua/(Flua+Py)和Ip/(Ip+Bg P)相对稳定,而左旋葡聚糖的光解速率常数为0.004 5 min-1,与苯并[a]蒽的光解速率常数(0.004 1~0.005 0 min-1)接近.     

氮沉降对臭氧胁迫下青杨光合特性和生物量的影响

基于开顶式气室臭氧(O_3)熏蒸装置,研究了人工模拟氮沉降对O_3胁迫下青杨光合特性的影响.结果表明,随着O_3浓度的升高,净光合速率(P_n)、电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ反应中心激发能捕获效率(F'_v/F'_m)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、最大羧化速率(Vcmax)和最大电子传递速率(Jmax)显著降低,胞间CO_2浓度(c_i)显著升高,但气孔导度(G_s)变化不显著,生长季末期生物量也显著下降.而氮沉降在一定程度上提高了青杨的光合能力以及生物量.与单一O_3、氮沉降相比,两者交互作用并未显著影响植物光合特性.该研究结果为应对全球变化背景下青杨的防护提供科学依据.     

络合剂Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA对微藻络合体系的影响

高昂的微藻培养成本限制了微藻能源的大规模工业化生产。从降低微藻培养成本的角度出发,将能源微藻的培养与烟道气中脱除NO的两个过程耦联,并使用络合剂Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA提高NO吸收效率。研究通过设置不同的络合剂浓度来观察NO的去除效果和对藻细胞生长、油脂积累的影响。实验发现,络合剂会被系统中的氧化剂氧化而失去络合能力,但微藻可将Fe(Ⅲ)还原成Fe(Ⅱ),系统达到Fe(Ⅱ)浓度平衡,具备持续高效去除NO的能力。当络合剂浓度为20 mmol/L时,系统出口处检出的NO浓度为93 mg/L,NO去除率为76.75%。实验结果还发现,高浓度络合剂不利于微藻细胞的生长和油脂积累,系统反应24 h后两种对应的光密度(OD值)和油脂含量分别为0.82、9.93%和0.69、8.89%。因此,在构建微藻-络合剂体系中,初始络合剂浓度应兼顾NO的去除和细胞生长代谢、油脂积累,使系统效果达到最优。     

太湖附泥藻类生物量空间分布及其与环境营养盐的关系

为了揭示富营养化浅水湖泊附泥藻类空间分布及其与环境营养盐之间的关系,于2015年6月9—15日对太湖进行高密度布点采样,研究了太湖表层沉积物上附泥藻类生物量及表层沉积物和水柱中氮、磷等营养盐含量的空间分布特征及其相互关系.结果表明,太湖附泥藻类生物量(以叶绿素a表征)空间异质性明显,最小值为0.07μg·g-1,最大值为1.66μg·g-1,平均值为0.34μg·g-1.附泥藻类生物量在太湖西北部及东太湖较高,其次是贡湖湾、梅梁湾及东部沿岸,在西南部湖区较低;太湖水体中氮、磷等元素含量也存在明显的空间变化,水体中氮、磷含量在竺山湾、梅粱湾及太湖西部明显高于其它湖区;太湖表层沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)、氮、磷等元素含量空间异质性显著,表层沉积物中总磷及各种形态磷含量的空间分布特征与水体中总氮、总磷分布特征类似,表层沉积物总氮及TOC的含量在太湖西北部(包括竺山湾)、梅梁湾、东部湖区(包括东太湖、胥口湾)较高,在西南部湖心区较低;太湖附泥藻类生物量与水体氮、磷含量、沉积物氮、磷及不同形态磷(Ca-P除外)含量均呈显著正相关关系(r≥0.18,p0.05).由此可见,太湖附泥藻类生物量的空间异质性既受水体氮、磷浓度的影响,也受沉积物氮、磷等营养水平的制约.本研究结果可为进一步研究附泥藻类在太湖生态系统中功能,以及深入探求太湖富营养化治理途径提供一定的理论依据.     

镉和酸雨对苦楝幼苗细胞膜透性及渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用盆栽法研究了3个梯度模拟酸雨(p H=5.6、4.5、3.5)和不同剂量Cd2+(0、30、60、90、120、150、180 mg·kg~(-1))单一及复合处理,对苦楝(Melia azedarach L.)幼苗生长、质膜透性和主要渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明,p H=4.5和30 mg·kg~(-1)Cd2+复合处理对苦楝生物量的积累和幼苗的生长具有一定促进作用;p H=4.5和低剂量Cd2+(≤60 mg·kg~(-1))单一及复合处理下,株高和干重变化不显著(p0.05),叶色、叶绿素含量、相对电导率和丙二醛含量也无明显变化;而强酸雨(p H=3.5)和高剂量Cd2+(≥90 mg·kg~(-1))处理下,叶片发黄卷曲,叶绿素含量下降,相对电导率和丙二醛含量增大,且酸雨和Cd2+复合处理较单一酸雨和单一Cd2+处理毒害作用更明显,表现为复合叠加效应;随酸雨强度和Cd2+剂量的增加,可溶性糖含量下降,可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸含量先升后降,二者峰值均出现在p H=4.5和60 mg·kg~(-1)Cd2+处理,且Cd2+剂量≤120 mg·kg~(-1)时,各酸雨梯度下可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量均高于CK.综上认为,在Cd2+剂量≤60 mg·kg~(-1)、酸雨p H≥4.5的区域,苦楝可以正常生长且保持较大生物量,可将其作为Cd污染典型酸雨区的绿化和修复树种.