Molecular and ecological characterisation of plant populations from limed and metal-contaminated sites in Northern Ontario (Canada): ISSR analysis of white birch (Betula papyrifera) populations

The Greater Sudbury region in Northern Ontario is known as one of Canada's most ecologically disturbed regions because of the effects of heavy metal pollution. The main objectives of the present study were to assess the effects of soil liming of sites contaminated with metals on species richness and abundance, forest health in general, and to determine the level of genetic variability in white birch populations from Northern Ontario. Shannon-Wiener diversity index and tree species richness values were higher in populations from limed and control sites compared to the unlimed areas. A significant improvement in forest population health (measured using a scale of 1 to 10) in limed sites over the unlimed areas was observed. Key results revealed no significant difference for metal content in white birch (Betula papyrifera) leaves from limed compared to unlimed sites. But higher levels of Al, Ca, Mg, Mn, Ni, Sr, and Zn in leaves compared to the bioavailable amount in soil were observed. The levels of genetic variability in white birch populations were moderate to high, ranging from 30% to 79% of polymorphic loci. A high level of genetic variability such as observed in the present study is usually associated with long term sustainability in plant populations. No association was found between metal accumulation in soil or plants and the levels of genetic variation.     

Arsenic and Other Metal Contamination of Groundwaters in the Industrial Area of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece

In groundwater, used for drinking water supply in the greater industrial area of Thessaloniki, in Northern Greece, concentrations of total arsenic exceeded the WHO provisional guideline value and the EU maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 μg/L. The concentration of total arsenic was in the range between 4–130 μg/L, whereas the median value was 36 μg/L and the average concentration 46 μg/L. Nine out of the eleven wells contained total arsenic at concentration higher than 10 μg/L and it should be stressed that 6 of them contain arsenic at concentrations between 10 (new MCL) and 50 μg/L (previous MCL). The examined groundwaters were found to contain elevated concentrations of manganese and phosphate. Arsenic had a positive correlation with the pH, indicating the possible effect of pH on arsenic mobilisation. These findings emerge the problem of contamination from arsenic, since, according to the EU directive 98/83, all drinking water sources within the European Union should have achieved compliance with the new limits by 12/2003, implying that the situation requires urgent remedial action.     

基于格网GIS的豫北地区干旱灾害风险区划

以豫北地区32个市县为研究区域,从造成干旱灾害的4个因子,即致灾因子危险性、承灾体暴露性、脆弱性和防灾减灾能力4个角度出发,选取了包括气象、土壤、人口、社会经济在内的17项指标,在格网GIS技术的支持下,对评价体系中的各指标进行10 km×10 km尺度的网格化表达。应用自然灾害风险指数法,熵组合权重法和加权综合分析法,建立了干旱灾害风险评价模型;通过选取典型案例年,运用最优分割理论确定了干旱灾害风险阈值,并利用GIS技术绘制了豫北地区的干旱灾害风险区划图。结果显示:豫北地区的高风险区主要集中在濮阳市区、濮阳县、清丰县、南乐县、新乡市区;而西部的济源市、孟州市,以及原阳县风险较轻。     

新疆北疆区域经济发展水平综合评价研究

对一个地区经济发展的准确判断是制定一切经济政策、发展战略的必要前提。建立17个指标的评价指标体系,运用评价模型对新疆北疆地区2006-2010年经济发展水平及北疆8个地、州、市经济发展水平进行评价分析。研究发现,北疆地区经济总体发展形势良好,但各地州间发展水平有较大差异。根据评价结果将8个地、州、市分为四类地区,并依据每类地区的发展状况提出政策建议。     

云贵高原北坡石漠化地区近50a降水波动分析——以四川省兴文县为例

全球气候变暖背景下的局地气候变化特征及其响应,是近年来的研究热点。兴文县是云贵高原北坡的典型石漠化区域,其多年降水变化在一定程度上可以反映该区的气候变化。对兴文县1959~2007年全年和分季节降水量进行Morlet连续小波变换,结果表明：全年与分季节降水总体上均呈减少之势,并具有多尺度波动的特征,不同季节的多年降水具有各自的变化规律。春季和夏季降水量丰贫交替的周期较长（超过9 a）,变化相对较缓;秋季、冬季和全年的降水丰贫更替周期较短（少于6 a）,变化相对较快。目前兴文县处于降水相对较丰时期的后半程,未来几年将进入降水相对偏少的时期。降水的波动减少趋势,将会加剧该区域水资源的供需矛盾,给农业生产带来不利影响,增加生态系统的脆弱性和影响喀斯特地貌的发育过程,并最终促进石漠化的发展。     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pinnipeds stranded along the southern California coast

Little to no information exists for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine mammals frequenting the highly urbanized southern California (USA) coast. Fourteen PBDE congeners were determined by GC-ECNI-MS in blubber of pinnipeds stranded locally between 1994 and 2006. Total PBDE concentrations (∑PBDE) in California sea lion (n = 63) ranged from 0.04 to 33.7 μg/g wet weight (mean: 5.24 μg/g). To our knowledge, these are the highest reported PBDE levels in marine mammals to date. By comparison, mean ∑PBDE in Pacific harbor seals (n = 9) and northern elephant seals (n = 16) were 0.96 and 0.09 μg/g, respectively. PBDEs in adult males were higher than for adult females, however, no age class differences or temporal trends were observed. As the first PBDE data reported for marine mammals in this region, the elevated levels underscore the need for additional studies on the sources, temporal trends, and potential effects of PBDEs in highly urbanized coastal zones.     

华北工业城市降水中金属元素污染特征及来源

为了解华北工业地区降水中金属元素的污染特征及其来源,使用干湿沉降自动观测仪采集了河北唐山市2009年12月～2010年11月大气降水样品,使用ICP-MS对样品中25种金属元素的浓度进行了分析.结果表明,唐山降水中地壳元素(Ca、Mg、Na、K、Fe和Al)占所测元素浓度总量的97.72%,重金属(Zn、Mn、Pb、Ba、Sb、Cu、Ni、As、V、Co和Se)仅占2.25%;Zn和Ca分别是含量最高的重金属和地壳元素,加权平均浓度分别为88.7μg·L-1和4.5 mg·L-1.降水中金属元素浓度的季节变化十分明显,多数元素表现为冬春季高、夏秋季低的特征.唐山降水中部分重金属的浓度高于华北背景地区泰山顶的报道结果,其中Tl、As、Ag、Zn、Pb、Cd、Se和Sb的富集因子介于102～105之间,明显受到人类活动的影响.因子分析表明唐山降水中金属元素的污染主要与钢铁冶炼工业、扬尘和燃煤的源排放有关.     

广西北部湾地区大气颗粒物中总汞的测定

建立了采用自制的石英管加热处理样品,高锰酸钾溶液吸收释放的Hg0,盐酸羟胺还原过量的高锰酸钾后直接用HG-AFS测定广西北部湾地大气颗粒物中总汞的方法。结果表明,广西北部湾地区主要城市南宁、钦州、防城港和北海大气颗粒物中总汞的日平均浓度分别为0.49、0.43、0.52和0.43 ng/m3,远低于我国《居住区大气中有害物质的最高容许量》(TJ36-79)。该方法样品处理无需湿法消解,方法简便、快速,具有较低的检出限和较好的精密度,适合大气颗粒物中总汞的检测分析,可为汞污染控制提供可靠的数据。     

华北地区城镇多环芳烃干沉降特征

分别于冬季和夏季采集了北京、天津和秦皇岛3个城市,遵化、沧县、涞源和张北4个县城以及两处人为活动较少的背景地区降尘样品,分析了降尘量及降尘中多环芳烃含量,据此计算了各样点多环芳烃干沉降通量.结果表明,所研究城市夏季和冬季多环芳烃平均沉降通量分别为(6.3±7.4)μg·m-2·d-1和(16.4±14.9)μg·m-2.d-1,县城为(2.2 4±0.9)μg·m-2 d-1和(16.3±3.8)μg·m-2·d-1,对照点明显低于城镇,两季多环芳烃沉降通量分别为(1.0±0.3)μg·m-2 d-1和(1.6 4±0.7)μg·m-2,d-1.两季节获得的所有样点多环芳烃干沉降通量与降尘量显著相关,若分季节统计,相关性更加明显,且冬季降尘中多环芳烃含量显著高于夏季.由此可见,对多数样点而言,导致其多环芳烃干沉降通量差别的首要因素是降尘量,其次为季节差异.仅个别数据(夏季秦皇岛)表现出不同.降尘中多环芳烃成分谱具有明显的季节差异,城市与县城冬季降尘中菲的相对含量显著高于夏季.不同类型样点间差别较小,表现出区域性趋同现象,同种类型样点之间的多环芳烃成分谱则非常一致.     

北方农牧交错带农业气候资源空间特征分析

运用GIS与RS技术,选择日平均温度、生育期日平均温度、生育期积温、生育期降水、全年降水和生育期日照时数等指数,依据主要作物适宜条件构建模糊隶属函数,利用主成分分析法定量评判研究区农业气候资源适宜度。在此基础上,进一步指出农业气候资源各单项指数及综合指数的空间分异规律。结果表明:①相对热量和光照而言,水分是研究区农牧林业生产的主要限制因子,水分指数的分布大体呈现东北-西南走向;②研究区总气候资源指数和资源效能指数的计算表明,农业气候资源潜力小,光、热、水的配合效果差;两指数由东南向西北的分布次序均为由好到差;③研究区气候资源利用效率计算表明:大多数作物对农业气候资源利用的实际效率低。该指数由东南向西北的分布次序为较高、一般、较低和低4种类型。