Significant contribution of spring northwest transport to volatile organic compounds in Beijing

High values of ozone (O₃) occur frequently in the dry spring season; thus, understanding the evolution characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in spring is of great significance for preventing O₃ pollution. In this study, a total of 101 VOCs from April 16 to May 21, 2019, were quantified using an online gas chromatography mass spectrometer/flame ionization detector (GCMS/FID). The results indicated that the observed concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 30.4 ± 17.0 ppbv, and it was dominated by alkanes (44.3%), followed by oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) (17.4%), halocarbons (12.7%), aromatics (9.5%), alkenes (8.2%), acetylene (5.3%) and carbon disulfide (2.5%). The average mixing ratio of VOCs showed obvious diurnal variation (high at night, low during daytime). We conducted a source apportionment study based on 32 major VOCs using positive matrix factorization (PMF), and coal + biomass burning (25.2%), diesel exhaust (16.0%), gasoline exhaust + evaporation (17.4%), secondary + long-lived species (16.7%), biogenic sources (4.3%), industrial emissions (9.3%) and solvent use (11.2%) were identified as major sources of VOCs. In addition to local emissions, most of the atmospheric VOCs were derived from long-distance air masses (65.7%), and the average mixing ratio of VOCs in the northwest direction was 29.4 ppbv. Combined with the results of the potential source contribution function (PSCF) indicate that research should focus on the local emissions of combustion, transportation sources and solvents usage to control atmospheric VOCs. Additionally, transmission of the northwest air mass is an important component that cannot be ignored during spring in Beijing.     

中国西北地区环境中239+240Pu的来源与成因分析

以中国西北地区环境中的^239+240Pu为例,归纳总结了全球大气核试验后环境调查的5大变化趋势,并分析了西北地区大气、土壤和湖泊等环境载体中^239+240Pu比活度、²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu原子比值和^239+240Pu存量变化的来源成因.结果表明,新疆、甘肃、青海、宁夏和陕西5省区土壤中^239+240Pu主要来源于全球大气核试验沉降.虽然前苏联塞米巴拉金斯克核试验（²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu=0.118~0.132）、中国西北核试验（²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu=0.158）以及青海原子城的核实验活动（²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu<0.010）导致西北地区环境中发现相对低²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu原子比值,但核试验区域沉降的影响有限.西北地区湖泊柱样沉积物中²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu原子比值垂直分布出现了突变和渐变两种模式;另外,在某些非典型柱样沉积物中^239+240Pu的峰值时标并非指示1963年大气沉降的高峰期.     

Stream corridor management in the Pacific Northwest: II. Management strategies

King County, Washington is part of the rapidly growing Pacific Northwest region. Analysis of past and current federal, state, and county regulations and administation reveals how stream corridors have been protected to date. This article draws on scientific literature and a case study to suggest future management strategies and guidelines for controlling development in King County watersheds.     

PHYSICAL HYDROLOGY AND THE EFFECTS OF FOREST HARVESTING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST: A REVIEW1

The Pacific Northwest encompasses a range of hydrologic regimes that can be broadly characterized as either coastal (where rain and rain on snow are dominant) or interior (where snowmelt is dominant). Forest harvesting generally increases the fraction of precipitation that is available to become streamflow, increases rates of snowmelt, and modifies the runoff pathways by which water flows to the stream channel. Harvesting may potentially decrease the magnitude of hyporheic exchange flow through increases in fine sediment and clogging of bed materials and through changes in channel morphology, although the ecological consequences of these changes are unclear. In small headwater catchments, forest harvesting generally increases annual runoff and peak flows and reduces the severity of low flows, but exceptions have been observed for each effect. Low flows appear to be more sensitive to transpiration from vegetation in the riparian zone than in the rest of the catchment. Although it appears that harvesting increased only the more frequent, geomorphically benign peak flows in several studies, in others the treatment effect increased with return period. Recovery to pre‐harvest conditions appeared to occur within about 10 to 20 years in some coastal catchments but may take many decades in mountainous, snow dominated catchments.     

RIPARIAN MICROCLIMATE AND STREAM TEMPERATURE RESPONSE TO FOREST HARVESTING: A REVIEW1

Forest harvesting can increase solar radiation in the riparian zone as well as wind speed and exposure to air advected from clearings, typically causing increases in summertime air, soil, and stream temperatures and decreases in relative humidity. Stream temperature increases following forest harvesting are primarily controlled by changes in insolation but also depend on stream hydrology and channel morphology. Stream temperatures recovered to pre‐harvest levels within 10 years in many studies but took longer in others. Leaving riparian buffers can decrease the magnitude of stream temperature increases and changes to riparian microclimate, but substantial warming has been observed for streams within both unthinned and partial retention buffers. A range of studies has demonstrated that streams may or may not cool after flowing from clearings into shaded environments, and further research is required in relation to the factors controlling downstream cooling. Further research is also required on riparian microclimate and its responses to harvesting, the influences of surface/subsurface water exchange on stream and bed temperature regimes, biological implications of temperature changes in headwater streams (both on site and downstream), and methods for quantifying shade and its influence on radiation inputs to streams and riparian zones.     

SUSPENDED SEDIMENT DYNAMICS IN SMALL FOREST STREAMS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST1

This paper reviews suspended sediment sources and transport in small forest streams in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, particularly in relation to riparian management. Mass movements, reading and yarding practices, and burning can increase the supply of suspended sediment. Sediment yields recovered to pre‐harvest levels within one to six years in several paired catchment studies. However, delayed mass movements related to roads and harvesting may produce elevated suspended sediment yield one or more decades after logging. There is mixed evidence for the role of streamside tree throw in riparian buffers in supplying sediment to streams. Harvesting within the riparian zone may not increase suspended sediment yield if near stream soils are not disturbed. Key knowledge gaps relate to the relative roles of increased transport capacity versus sediment supply, the dynamics of fine sediment penetration into bed sediments, and the effects of forest harvesting on suspended sediment at different scales. Future research should involve nested catchments to examine suspended sediment response to forest practices at multiple spatial scales, in combination with process‐based field studies.     

西北地区(甘宁青)农业生态气候资源量化与评价

为了量化分析和分类评价农业生态气候资源 ,根据西北地区 (甘宁青 )165个气象台站多年平均的气候资料 ,采用农业生态气候适宜度的动态模型 ,首先计算了农业生态气候的资源指数、效能指数和利用系数 ;然后通过对多年逐月平均效能指数的模糊动态聚类 ,划分出农业生态气候资源的12个类型并进行了相应评价 ,结果表明农业生态气候的资源潜力、匹配状况和利用程度具有明显的地域分异特征 ,进而在此基础上提出了开发利用农业生态气候资源的若干建议     

论我国大西北自然资源的开发战略及对策

本文论述了开发我国西北地区自然资源的目的和意义。重点对具有全国经济意义的４大类自然资源开发的态势和经济发展状况进行了分析。提出了本区自然资源开发的战略目标、战略重点和战略对策。旨在尽早加快开发大西北的自然资源，平衡布局全国的生产力，为大西北资源产区的核心地位奠定基础，发挥地区优势，积极促进西部经济增长点的发育。     

中国西北春季沙尘高发区及沙尘源解析

以波段亮温差算法（BTD）对中国西北2014~2018年春季460期MODIS L1B数据进行沙尘信息逐日提取，统计分析沙尘频数的空间分布规律，结合地貌特征及地表沉积物细颗粒组分含量进行沙尘源解析.结果表明：（1）中国西北沙尘活动呈"两区三带"分布特征，沙尘频发区主要分布于塔里木盆地和蒙古高原南部沙漠戈壁区；区内存在塔克拉玛干沙漠东南缘荒漠绿洲高频带（270~287次）、库姆塔格沙漠北缘高频带（240~250次）及巴丹吉林沙漠东北边缘荒漠绿洲高频带（240~250次）.（2）中重度沙尘高频区主要分布于塔克拉玛干西北部沙漠绿洲.沙尘源主要为富含粉尘的边缘沙漠与冲积洪积扇缘戈壁交错带，内含丰富的干河床、干涸湖泊和绿洲退化地，该区域细物质组分含量高，易释放粉尘微粒并通过局地循环过程向周边地表扩散沉积，为区域高频、高浓度沙尘发生提供丰富的物质基础.