中国西北地区近47a日照时数的气候变化特征

利用中国西北地区135个测站1961—2007年1—12月日照时数资料,采用EOF、REOF、趋势分析、Mann-Kendall分析、相关分析等方法,分析了47 a来西北地区日照时数的时空分布特征及其变化规律。结果表明:西北地区的日照时数从东南向西北减少,甘青新交界区是西北地区日照的高值区。冬季日照最少,夏季最多,春季多于秋季。西北地区大部分地方日照时数显著减少,全区平均减少速率为19.92 h/10 a,1980年发生突变。新疆西南部和青海南部日照时灵敏有明显增多趋势,甘南—陇中—宁南—陇东—陕中日照时数不显著增多。将西北地区日照时数分为7个不同类型区域:即西北地区东部区、新疆中北部区、新疆西南区、海西北高原区、祁连山区、青南高原和河西走廊区。西北地区东部和新疆中北部的日照时数为单峰型,河西走廊、祁连山区、新疆西南部的日照时数呈双峰型分布,青海高原的日照时数呈三峰型分布。在气候变暖的背景下,西北地区相对湿度增加,云量增多,是造成大部分地方日照减少的主要原因。     

西北地区生态环境与可持续发展关系的实证研究

以研究西北地区的生态环境可持续发展为中心,采用实证研究,根据西北地区生态环境现状,对西北地区的资源条件进行分析。利用协调度,评估西北地区的可持续发展程度,指出以生态建设为中心的可持续发展战略在西北地区建设中的重要性,提出改善西北地区生态环境、实现可持续发展的建议与具体设想。     

基于格点数据的西北干旱区极端降水事件分析

根据国家气象信息中心发布的0.5°×0.5°中国地面逐日降水格点数据集,选取最大1 日降水量(RX1day)、最大5 日降水量(RX5day)、R95 极端降水量(R95)、湿天降水量(PRCPTOT)、持续干旱日数(CDD)和日降水强度(SDII)等指数,利用Sen 斜率法、相关分析法等方法分析了1961-2011 年中国西北干旱区极端降水特征,并探讨了各极端降水指数与北极涛动的关系,此外还与早期基于气象台站观测数据的相关研究结果进行了对比。结果表明:在时间尺度上,除CDD显著下降(P<0.01)外,其他指数均呈微弱上升趋势。在空间上,RX1day、RX5day、R95、PRCPTOT和SDII 在研究区内主要呈现西部明显增加、东部微弱减小的趋势,但CDD则整体呈现减小趋势。基于NCAR资料的夏季北极涛动指数与西北干旱区的CDD有很好的相关性(P<0.05),表明夏季北极涛动与该区的干旱事件发生之间存在一定联系。与早期站点数据的研究相比,格点数据覆盖度更好,能更为细致地描述空间变化特征,特别是在天山、阿尔泰山等山区的细节刻画上表现出一定的优势。     

西北内陆区降水稳定同位素时空分布特征及其水汽来源

综合分析西北内陆区97个研究站点的降水稳定同位素数据,并结合相关气象资料,揭示了西北内陆区降水稳定同位素δ¹⁸O、δD和d-excess时空分布特征,明确了海拔、经纬度、温度和降雨量对降水δ¹⁸O的影响;利用水汽通量和HYSPLIT模型追踪了大气降水的水汽来源.同时,根据关键自然地理要素的空间差异将西北内陆区划分为4个子区域,对上述内容分区域进行系统分析和对比.结果表明：(1)西北内陆区降水δ¹⁸O和δD的变化范围分别为-21.20‰～1.70‰和-144.20‰～5.21‰,d-excess波动范围为-20.37‰～46.48‰,δ¹⁸O、δD和d-excess均存在显著的空间变化和季节变化特征,河西内陆区和塔里木地区δ¹⁸O和δD值相对偏正,柴达木-青海湖区和准噶尔-吐哈地区δ¹⁸O和δD偏负.(2)西北内陆区大气降水线方程的斜率和截距均小于中国和全球大气降水线,4个子区域亦低于全球水线,其中塔里木地区斜率最低.(3)西北内陆区海拔效应为-0.04‰·...     

Riparian Zone Management in the Pacific Northwest: Who's Cutting What?

Oncorhynchus sp.), regional governments now restrict timber harvest in riparian forests. I summarize and assess the riparian zone management guidelines of the states of California, Oregon, and Washington (USA) and the province of British Columbia (Canada). Only Oregon and British Columbia protect fish-bearing streams with “no-harvest” zones, and only the wider (20–50 m) no-harvest zones for larger fish-bearing streams in British Columbia are likely to maintain near-natural linkages between riparian and stream ecosystems. All four jurisdictions protect most streams with “management zones” of variable width, in which timber harvest activities are restricted. All the management zone guidelines permit the harvest of the largest conifers from riparian forests and will, if applied over a series of timber harvest rotations (60–80 years), result in the continued removal of potential sources of large woody debris from the region's watersheds. All four jurisdictions require additional protection for streams and watersheds that are severely degraded or (in the United States) contain threatened or endangered species. The governments of the PNW have taken a “manage until degraded, then protect” approach to riparian forest management that is unlikely to maintain or restore the full suite of riparian-stream linkages necessary for lotic ecosystems to function naturally at the stream, watershed, basin, or regional scale.     

冀西北间山盆地区景观格局变化及优化研究——以河北省怀来县为例

景观格局的改变会对区域生态系统功能产生影响,对其格局进行优化调控是维持区域生态系统功能稳定性的重要手段。研究以怀来县为例,通过解译判读1993、2003和2013年3期遥感影像,分析了研究区景观格局特征,发现研究区景观破碎化程度呈上升趋势,结合各景观类型在地形位上的分布特征和生态系统服务功能,运用最小累积阻力模型构建了生态源地、生态廊道和生态节点等景观组分,整体连通性指数（dIIC）和可能连通性指数（dPC）评价结果表明河流交汇处及水库周边等区域对景观连通性重要值最大,然后划分了景观生态维持区、景观生态恢复区、景观生态功能强化区和景观生态功能保护区,为该地区景观生态优化提供指导 借鉴。     

Land-Use Planning in the Chaco Plain (Burruyacú, Argentina). Part 1: Evaluating Land-Use Options to Support Crop Diversification in an Agricultural Frontier Area Using Physical Land Evaluation

The Burruyacú district (Tucumán province, Argentina) is a farming frontier in the western Chaco plain, at the foothills of the sub-Andean mountain ranges, where agricultural land-uses are in conflict with the conservation and management of the Chaco forest. Over the last decades, large-scale farming rapidly expanded due to population pressure, attractive market prices, easy accessibility, favourable annual rainfall, fertile soils, and flexible land tenure. Cropland extension, mainly for heavily mechanized soybean production, has resulted in important reduction of the Chaco forest and also caused physical soil degradation, especially soil compaction, and soil erosion. Land suitability was assessed using the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) framework for a set of crops ecologically adapted to the area, including soybean, maize, wheat, sugarcane, citrus, and safflower. Only 16% of the study area has high suitability for most of the selected crops. Major limitations for cropping are low annual rainfall and flooding in the east of the study area, and topography (slope) and flooding in the west. As climate varies over relatively short periods of time, with recurrent cycles of dry and rainy years, land suitability for the selected crops was also assessed under extreme but realistic climatic conditions. Under rainy-year conditions, almost all the study area is unsuitable or marginally suitable for most of the crops. Under dry-year conditions, the study area is unsuitable for all crops, except safflower, which is more drought-resistant. This article proposes alternatives to the mono-cropping of soybean with the aim to help farmers make adequate decisions on land-use and management under deteriorating environmental conditions and for addressing the issue of competitive land uses in the context of land-use planning.     

中国西北地区持续干期日数时空变化特征

采用1961-2011 年111 个地面观测站逐日降水量资料,分析了中国西北地区近51 a 四季持续干期日数变化趋势。结果表明：近51 a 来西北全区春季和冬季持续干期日数都呈明显的下降趋势,冬季的下降幅度达到-1.6 d·(10 a)^-1,而夏季和秋季变化趋势不太明显。空间分布上该区大部分地区持续干期日数变化倾向率春季呈减少趋势,变化倾向率在-5.0～5.0d·(10 a)^-1之间;夏季不同的区域变化趋势不同;秋季西北西部呈减少趋势,而西北东部则呈增加趋势;冬季除陕西南部的关中平原和秦巴山地外,其他大部分地区呈减少趋势,变化倾向率在-6.0～3.0 d·(10 a)^-1之间。持续干期日数年代际变化和空间变化趋势在不同自然区变化趋势也存在差异。     

西北地区河谷城市大气降尘环境磁学特征及其环境意义

应用环境磁学方法对西北地区重点污染城市兰州和清洁对照点黄花滩两地大气降尘的磁学特征进行对比研究,分析了大气降尘磁性矿物含量、类型和颗粒大小等磁学性质及其对城市大气污染的指示意义.结果表明,兰州市大气污染较为严重,大气降尘中磁性矿物含量明显高于黄花滩,且呈现冬季明显高于其他季节的变化趋势.两地降尘样品磁学特征均受磁铁矿控...     

Influence of environmental properties on macrobenthos in the northwest Indian shelf

The paper deals with the standing stock of macrobenthic infauna and associated environmental factors influencing the benthic community in the shelf region of the northwest Indian coast. The data were collected onboard FORV Sagar Sampada during the winter monsoon (January–February, 2003) to understand the community structure and the factors influencing the benthic distribution. The environmental parameters, sediment characteristics and macrobenthic infauna were collected at 26 stations distributed in the depths between 30 and 200 m extending from nobreak{Mormugao} to Porbander. Total benthic abundance was high in lower depths (50–75 m), and low values noticed at 30 m depth contour was peculiar. Polychaetes were the dominant group and were more abundant in shallow and middle depths with moderate organic matter, clay and relatively high dissolved oxygen. On the other hand crustaceans and molluscs were more abundant in deeper areas having sandy sediment and low temperature. High richness and diversity of whole benthic groups observed in deeper depths counter balanced the opposite trend shown by polychaete species. Generally benthos preferred medium grain sized texture with low organic matter and high organic matter had an adverse effect especially on filter feeders. Deposit feeding polychaetes dominated in shallow depths while carnivore species in the middle depths. Ecologically, benthos were controlled by a combination of factors such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, sand and organic matter and no single factor could be considered as an ecological master factor.