生物炭对土壤水肥热效应的影响试验研究

本文通过野外大田小区试验以番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Mill）为供试作物,通过在土壤中施加不同含量生物炭（Biochar）研究生物炭对土壤含水率、有机碳、速效养分含量和土壤温度的影响,从而寻求一个较为合适的施用量,为生物炭在内蒙古地区的大面积推广提供科学的理论依据。试验共设5个处理,3个重复：不施加生物炭（CK）,生物炭使用量分别为10 t·hm^-2（A）,20 t·hm^-2（B）,40 t·hm^-2（C）,60 t·hm^-2（D）,在各生育期取土样测定土壤含水率、有机碳、速效养分含量,并在各生育期连续3天测定土壤地表温度。试验结果表明：不同处理下土壤含水率随生物炭施用量增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,且均高于对照组,其中施炭量为40 t·hm^-2处理的土壤含水率增幅最明显,0～10 cm土层各生育期土壤含水率较对照组最大增幅分别为20.8%、13.7%、21.8%,10～20 cm土层各生育期土壤含水率较对照组最大增幅分别为33.9%、17.1%、21.3%;不同处理下土壤温度随着生物炭施用量的增加而升高,两者具有显著的正相关关系,各生育期各处理土壤地表温度较对照组最大增幅分别为58.1%、31.3%、55.8%;不同处理土壤有机碳含量随着生物炭施用量的增加而增大,番茄各生育期各处理土壤有机碳含量较对照组最大增幅分别为80.9%、62.7%、63.9%;不同处理土壤中碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷含量均随生物炭施用量的增加而呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且均大于对照组,各生育期各处理土壤碱解氮较对照组最大增幅分别为92.7%、45.7%、106.5%,速效磷最大增幅分别为120.1%、39.3%、250.4%,速效钾最大增幅分别为86.2%、118.5%、203.4%。综上所述,生物炭对于砂壤土具有保水、保肥、保温的特性,对于提高土壤水肥利用效率,增加土壤有机碳具有重要的作用,而且通过试验验证40 t·hm^-2的施?     

聚乙烯醇凝胶包埋固定化细菌联合植物的除氮研究

为了解聚乙烯醇(PVA)凝胶包埋固定化菌在富营养化水体生态修复中的效果,利用PVA凝胶包埋固定硝化和反硝化细菌并联合水芹(Oenanthe clecumbens)和蕹菜(Ipomoea aquatica)2种植物进行21 d的除氮试验。结果表明,加菌试验组TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、NO2--N及TP去除率显著高于无菌试验组(P0.05);各试验组N的去除效率与添加PVA凝胶包埋固定硝化和反硝化细菌呈显著正相关(P0.05)。添加PVA凝胶固定硝化和反硝化细菌的蕹菜和水芹试验组植物的平均生长速率(RGR)分别为38.5和19.6 mg·g-1·d-1,而单纯蕹菜和水芹试验组RGR分别为29.9和9.5 mg·g-1·d-1。     

N2O emission from a sequencing batch reactor for biological N and P removal from wastewater

Nitrous oxide （N2O） is a greenhouse gas that can be released during biological nitrogen removal from wastewater. N2O emission from a sequencing batch reactor （SBR） for biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater was investigated, and the aims were to examine which process, nitrification or denitrification, would contribute more to N2Oemission and to study the effects of heterotrophic activities on N2O emission during nitrification. The results showed that N2O emission was mainly attributed to nitrification rather than to denitrification. N2O emission during denitrification mainly occurred with stored organic carbon as the electron donor. During nitrification, NaO emission was increased with increasing initial ammonium or nitrite concentrations. The ratio of N2O emission to the removed ammonium nitrogen （N2O- N/NH4-N） was 2.5% in the SBR system with high heterotrophic activities, while this ratio was in the range from 0.14% to 1.06% in batch nitrification experiments with limited heterotrophic activities.     

AAO工艺低氧条件下的运行及其模拟

利用厌氧-缺氧-好氧(AAO)工艺探讨了在好氧池低溶解氧(DO)浓度条件下的水质指标变化情况.结果表明,当好氧池DO浓度从2.00 mg·L~(-1)降低到1.00 mg·L~(-1)和0.50 mg·L~(-1)时,系统仍然具有良好的除磷脱氮效果,出水水质指标均满足我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中的一级A标准.在此基础上,基于Bio Win 4.1软件建立了AAO工艺的活性污泥模型,对模型参数进行了灵敏度分析,并利用动态模拟对模型参数中的聚磷菌吸收乙酸或丙酸的聚羟基烷酸(PHA)产率系数(YP/PHA,seq)、聚磷菌好氧氧化PHA的储磷率(YP/PHA,aerobic)、氨氧化菌的最大单位生长速率(μmax,A)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌的最大单位生长速率(μmax,N)进行了校验.此外,对系统的曝气能耗进行了模拟评估,结果表明,与好氧池DO浓度为2.00 mg·L~(-1)时相比,好氧池DO浓度为1.00 mg·L~(-1)和0.50 mg·L~(-1)时的空气流量可分别节省23.8%和38.1%,氧转移效率可分别提高7.2%和11.7%.     

Nitrate removal and extracellular polymeric substances of autohydrogenotrophic bacteria under various pH and hydrogen flow rates

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the use of autohydrogenotrophic bacteria to treat nitrate from wastewater. However, our knowledge about the characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) releasing by these activities is not yet very advanced. This study aimed to investigate the change in EPS compositions under various pH values and hydrogen flow rates, taking into consideration nitrogen removal. Results showed that pH 7.5 and a hydrogen flow rate of 90 mL/min were the optimal operating conditions, resulting in 100% nitrogen removal after 6 hr of operation. Soluble and bound polysaccharides decreased, while bound proteins increased with increasing pH. Polysaccharides increased with increasing hydrogen flow rate. No significant change of bound proteins was observed at various hydrogen flow rates.     

基质比对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能的影响

采用厌氧氨氧化反应器(ASBR)处理模拟生活污水,在温度为30℃时,控制进水NO_2~--N浓度为(30.0±0.2)mg·L~(-1),pH为(7.2±0.2),考察了NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N分别为0.9、1.1、1.3、1.4、1.5和1.6时,对厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)脱氮效果的影响.结果表明,当NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1.4时,出水NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N及TN的浓度分别为0.8、1.5和7.7 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N及TN的去除率分别高达96.2%、95.4%和85.3%,此时脱氮性能最好,与发生厌氧氨氧化时NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N理论值1.32比较接近.     

FeCl3改性MOFs在低温下对Hg0的吸附性能

为提高吸附剂对Hg0（零价汞）的吸附效率,利用MOFs（金属有机框架）材料发达的孔隙结构和高比表面积（1 997.010 0 m2/g）,采用FeCl₃溶液浸渍改性,制备了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）用于脱除Hg0.在小型固定床反应器上考察了浸渍浓度、反应温度、氧含量等对Hg0去除的影响.结果表明:FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）在进口ρ（Hg0）为2×10-3 mg/L,c（FeCl₃）为0.2 mol/L,反应温度60℃,气体流速400 mL/min,φ（O₂）为1%的条件下,吸附穿透时间长达62 h,相应的吸附容量为14.27 mg/g.在此基础上,进一步利用BET（比表面积测试）、SEM（扫描电镜）-EDX（能量色散X射线光谱）、XRD（X射线衍射）、XPS（X射线光电子能谱）等常用表征手段研究了改性前后吸附剂的物理化学特性,证明了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）吸附零价汞是物理吸附与化学吸附共同作用的结果,含氯官能团在吸附Hg0过程中也发挥了相当大的作用,并且氧气可促进其吸附效果.最后,分析了其吸附机理.研究显示,该种吸附剂在低温条件下具有较为优良的脱汞性能,应用前景良好.      

利用嗜酸性硫杆菌的生物产酸作用处理洗毛废水

利用洗毛废水在低pH条件下,有机物絮凝沉降的特点,通过嗜酸性硫杆菌(Acidophilic thiobacillus)的产酸作用降低体系pH,破坏废水固有的稳定性,改变有机物的亲水性能,实现固液分离,达到去除COD的目的.试验结果表明,生物产酸作用能有效地去除废水COD,改善其脱水性能.当体系pH降至3.00, COD去除率达到最大值91.4%,处理后的废水有很好的机械脱水和沉降性能,比阻从大于9.81×10¹³　m·kg^-1降至5.60×10¹¹ m·kg^-1.而对照处理在整个培养期内,未发生明显的改变,仅有20%的COD被去除.本研究为油脂含量高、难被生物利用的有机废水提供了一条新的处理方法.     

Inorganic nitrogen removal of toilet wastewater with an airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor

Removal of inorganic nitrogen (inorganic-N) from toilet wastewater, using a pilot-scale airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor (AEC-MBR) was studied. The results showed that the use of AEC-MBR with limited addition of alkaline reagents and volumetric loading rates of inorganic-N of 0.19-0.40 kg inorganic-N/(m3·d) helped achieve the desired nitrification and denitrification. Furthermore, the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on inorganic-N removal were examined. Under the condition of MLSS at 1.56-2.35 g/L, BOD5/ammonia nitrogen (NH/-N) at 1.0, pH at 7.0-7.5, and DO at 1.0-2.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of NH4 -N and inorganic-N were 91.5% and 70.0%, respectively, in the AEC-MBR. The cost of addition of alkaline reagent was approximately 0.5-1.5 RMB yuan/m3, and the energy consumption was approximately 0.72 kWh/m3 at the flux of 8 L/(m2·h).     

溶解氧和温度对地下水除铁、锰效果的影响

研究锰砂滤层去除铁、锰过程中温度、溶解氧两个因素对去除效果的影响,为生物法除铁、锰的实际运行提供了参考依据。从经济性和微生物角度考虑,原水DO维持在3mg／L左右即可满足运行要求,采用跌水曝气的方式去除效果优于管道混合器。当铁锰共存时最适宜的处理环境温度为20℃。