制革废水处理过程中磺胺类抗生素和抗性细菌的分布特征

针对两家制革厂废水处理过程中3种磺胺类抗生素和磺胺类抗性细菌的丰度和分布特性以及两个不同工艺污水处理厂对抗生素的去除规律做了相关研究.结果表明,3种抗生素在两家制革污水处理过程中均有检出,水样中3种抗生素的总质量浓度在59.1~706.7 ng·L~(-1)之间;两家制革厂废水处理剩余污泥中3种抗生素的总含量分别为4 388 ng·kg~(-1)和2 979.4ng·kg~(-1),与市政污水处理厂中的抗生素含量相差不大.不同的污水处理工段对3种抗生素去除效果不同,但去除效率均大于70%.生物处理单元对抗生素的去除率相对较高,而厌氧池是去除抗生素的主要阶段(去除率50%).两个制革厂的进出水和剩余污泥中共筛选出8株抗性细菌,这8个分离菌株可分为5个菌属.进出水中的抗性细菌含量介于9.37×10~3~5.08×10~5CFU·mL~(-1)之间,剩余污泥中的磺胺类抗性细菌含量较高分别为1.17×10`7CFU·g~(-1)和7.2×10~6CFU·g~(-1).两个制革污水处理厂对磺胺甲唑抗性细菌的去除率分别达到了1.34 log和2.15 log.     

1株耐盐异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌Zobellella sp.B307的分离及脱氮特性

从胶州湾沉积物中分离出1株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株B307,采用16S rRNA基因序列分析对该菌株进行鉴定,采用单因素实验对其进行条件优化和耐盐特性研究,并在最优条件下考察其在单一和混合氮源中的脱氮效果.结果表明,该菌为Zobellella sp.,其最佳碳源为丁二酸钠,最适C/N为5,最适初始p H为9,最适温度为35~40℃.该菌株在混合氮源体系中12 h对NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的去除率分别为98.35%和99.75%;在盐度为75 g·L~(-1)(以NaCl计)条件下24 h对NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N去除率仍分别保持在97.67%和94.39%.表明该菌株具有高效的异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力和较强的耐盐特性,在高盐废水脱氮等领域具有广泛的应用前景.     

长期侧流提取对EBPR系统除磷及其磷回收性能的影响

实验采用交替厌氧/好氧(An/O)运行模式的SBR反应器,考察310 d内分3个批次提取侧流比为0、1/4、1/3、1/2的厌氧放磷上清液后EBPR系统的脱氮除磷效果及相应的磷回收性能.结果表明,整个实验阶段系统对COD和氨氮的去除较为稳定,出水均能满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物综合排放标准》一级A标准,总氮去除因厌氧阶段反硝化不断增强有所提升,达标率由88.2%显著上升至98.6%.然而,随着厌氧上清液提取次数的增多,系统释磷能力整体下降,但前两个批次中系统除磷均稳定高效,去除率在90%以上,相应地出水磷达标率大于75%,仅第3批次实验中侧流比为1/2时系统除磷率出现大幅波动,最低降为54.2%,并贡献该批次出水磷不达标率的60%,说明长期提取1/2侧流比不利于主流工艺出水稳定维持.研究还发现,长期进行侧流磷回收实验有利于污泥减量,且对污泥沉降性能影响不大.因此,在EBPR系统内长期提取适当侧流比的厌氧上清液以进行磷回收与主流工艺同步高效脱氮除磷具有可行性.     

Nitrate removal and extracellular polymeric substances of autohydrogenotrophic bacteria under various pH and hydrogen flow rates

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the use of autohydrogenotrophic bacteria to treat nitrate from wastewater. However, our knowledge about the characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) releasing by these activities is not yet very advanced. This study aimed to investigate the change in EPS compositions under various pH values and hydrogen flow rates, taking into consideration nitrogen removal. Results showed that pH 7.5 and a hydrogen flow rate of 90 mL/min were the optimal operating conditions, resulting in 100% nitrogen removal after 6 hr of operation. Soluble and bound polysaccharides decreased, while bound proteins increased with increasing pH. Polysaccharides increased with increasing hydrogen flow rate. No significant change of bound proteins was observed at various hydrogen flow rates.     

Investigation on mechanism of phosphate removal on carbonized sludge adsorbent

For the removal of phosphate (PO₄^3 -) from water, an adsorbent was prepared via carbonization of sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment plant: carbonized sludge adsorbent (CSA). The mechanism of phosphate removal was determined after studying the structure and chemical properties of the CSA and its influence on phosphate removal. The results demonstrate that phosphate adsorption by the CSA can be fitted with the pseudo second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm models, indicating that the adsorption is single molecular layer adsorption dominated by chemical reaction. The active sites binding phosphate on the surface are composed of mineral particles containing Si/Ca/Al/Fe. The mineral containing Ca, calcite, is the main factor responsible for phosphate removal. The phosphate removal mechanism is a complex process including crystallization via the interaction between Ca^2 + and PO₄^3 -; formation of precipitates of Ca^2 +, Al^3 +, and PO₄^3 -; and adsorption of PO₄^3 - on some recalcitrant oxides composed of Si/Al/Fe.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursors from high ammonia water by zeolite and powdered activated carbon

When adding sufficient chlorine to achieve breakpoint chlorination to source water containing high concentration of ammonia during drinking water treatment, high concentrations of disinfection by-products(DBPs) may form. If N-nitrosamine precursors are present, highly toxic N-nitrosamines, primarily N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA), may also form. Removing their precursors before disinfection should be a more effective way to minimize these DBPs formation. In this study, zeolites and activated carbon were examined for ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursor removal when incorporated into drinking water treatment processes.The test results indicate that Mordenite zeolite can remove ammonia and five of seven N-nitrosamine precursors efficiently by single step adsorption test. The practical applicability was evaluated by simulation of typical drinking water treatment processes using six-gang stirring system. The Mordenite zeolite was applied at the steps of lime softening, alum coagulation, and alum coagulation with powdered activated carbon(PAC) sorption. While the lime softening process resulted in poor zeolite performance, alum coagulation did not impact ammonia and N-nitrosamine precursor removal. During alum coagulation, more than67% ammonia and 70%–100% N-nitrosamine precursors were removed by Mordenite zeolite(except 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole(DMAI) and 4-dimethylaminoantipyrine(DMAP)). PAC effectively removed DMAI and DMAP when added during alum coagulation. A combination of the zeolite and PAC selected efficiently removed ammonia and all tested seven N-nitrosamine precursors(dimethylamine(DMA), ethylmethylamine(EMA), diethylamine(DEA), dipropylamine(DPA), trimethylamine(TMA), DMAP, and DMAI) during the alum coagulation process.     

Performance and mechanism of Cr(VI) removal by zero-valent iron loaded onto expanded graphite

Zero-valent iron (ZVI) was loaded on expanded graphite (EG) to produce a composite material (EG-ZVI) for efficient removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). EG and EG-ZVI were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. EG-ZVI had a high specific surface area and contained sub-micron sized particles of zero-valent iron. Batch experiments were employed to evaluate the Cr(VI) removal performance. The results showed that the Cr(VI) removal rate was 98.80% for EG-ZVI, which was higher than that for both EG (10.00%) and ZVI (29.80%). Furthermore, the removal rate of Cr(VI) by EG-ZVI showed little dependence on solution pH within a pH range of 1–9. Even at pH 11, a Cr(VI) removal rate of 62.44% was obtained after reaction for 1 hr. EG-ZVI could enhance the removal of Cr(VI) via chemical reduction and physical adsorption, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the mechanisms of Cr(VI) removal, which indicated that the ZVI loaded on the surface was oxidized, and the removed Cr(VI) was immobilized via the formation of Cr(III) hydroxide and Cr(III)–Fe(III) hydroxide/oxyhydroxide on the surface of EG-ZVI.     

FeCl3改性MOFs在低温下对Hg0的吸附性能

为提高吸附剂对Hg0（零价汞）的吸附效率,利用MOFs（金属有机框架）材料发达的孔隙结构和高比表面积（1 997.010 0 m2/g）,采用FeCl₃溶液浸渍改性,制备了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）用于脱除Hg0.在小型固定床反应器上考察了浸渍浓度、反应温度、氧含量等对Hg0去除的影响.结果表明:FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）在进口ρ（Hg0）为2×10-3 mg/L,c（FeCl₃）为0.2 mol/L,反应温度60℃,气体流速400 mL/min,φ（O₂）为1%的条件下,吸附穿透时间长达62 h,相应的吸附容量为14.27 mg/g.在此基础上,进一步利用BET（比表面积测试）、SEM（扫描电镜）-EDX（能量色散X射线光谱）、XRD（X射线衍射）、XPS（X射线光电子能谱）等常用表征手段研究了改性前后吸附剂的物理化学特性,证明了吸附剂FeCl₃@MIL-101（Cr）吸附零价汞是物理吸附与化学吸附共同作用的结果,含氯官能团在吸附Hg0过程中也发挥了相当大的作用,并且氧气可促进其吸附效果.最后,分析了其吸附机理.研究显示,该种吸附剂在低温条件下具有较为优良的脱汞性能,应用前景良好.      

厌氧/好氧SPNDPR系统实现低C/N城市污水同步脱氮除磷的优化运行

为了解同步短程硝化内源反硝化除磷(SPNDPR)系统的脱氮除磷特性,以低C/N城市污水为处理对象,采用延时厌氧(180 min)/好氧运行的SBR反应器,通过联合调控曝气量和好氧时间,考察了该系统启动与优化运行特性.结果表明,当系统好氧段曝气量为0. 8 L·min~(-1),好氧时间为150 min时,出水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度约为1. 5 mg·L~(-1)左右,出水NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N浓度由10. 28 mg·L~(-1)和8. 14 mg·L~(-1)逐渐降低至0 mg·L~(-1)和2. 27 mg·L~(-1),出水NO_2~--N浓度逐渐升高至1. 81 mg·L~(-1);当曝气量提高至1. 0 L·min~(-1)且好氧时间缩短至120min后,系统除磷、短程硝化性能逐渐增强,但总氮(TN)去除性能先降低后逐渐升高,最终出水PO_4~(3-)-P、NH_4~+-N分别稳定低于0. 5 mg·L~(-1)和1. 0 mg·L~(-1),好氧段亚硝积累率和SND率分别达98. 65%和44. 20%,TN去除率达79. 78%. SPNDPR系统内好氧段好氧吸磷、反硝化除磷、短程硝化、内源反硝化同时进行保证了低C/N污水的同步脱氮除磷.     

不同运行策略下厌氧氨氧化的脱氮性能

采用厌氧氨氧化反应器(ASBR)处理模拟生活污水,考察低基质比、降温方式及pH对系统脱氮性能的影响.结果表明,温度为30℃时,控制进水NO_2~--N浓度为(30±0.2)mg·L~(-1),基质比(NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N)由0.9升至1.4,系统NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N去除率均值分别从54.4%和65.3%升至95.8%和92.5%;当基质比继续升高至1.6时,NH_4~+-N去除率基本不变,而NO_2~--N去除率降至54.6%,即基质比接近理论值1.32时,其厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能较强.当反应温度一次性从30℃降低至15℃时,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率由97.5%和98.5%分别降至35.2%和40.1%,当采用阶梯式降温方式(30℃→25℃→20℃→15℃)时,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率分别由97.7%和98.6%逐渐降至52.7%和62.4%.控制NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1.4,逐步升高pH由7.7至8.5时,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率先增大后减小,当pH为8.3时系统脱氮性能最佳.