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171.
A review of the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Summary. This review summarizes the literature related to
the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae and provides a
brief overview of cerambycid biology, ecology, economic
significance, and management. Beetles in the family
Cerambycidae have assumed increasing prominence as pests
of forest and shade trees, shrubs, and raw wood products, and
as vectors of tree diseases. Exotic species associated with
solid wood packing materials have been notable tree killers
in North American urban and peri-urban forests. In forested
ecosystems native species respond to disturbances such as
fires and windstorms, and initiate the biodeterioration of
woody tissue. Eggs are laid by females, on or through the
bark surface of stem and branch tissue of moribund, recently
killed or decomposing woody plants; larval cerambycids
(roundheaded woodborers) typically feed in the phloem and
later in the xylem. Females will also, in some cases, select
living hosts, e.g. adult conifer and angiosperm trees, for
oviposition. Research on the chemical ecology of over 70
species has revealed many examples of attractive kairomones
(such as floral volatiles, smoke volatiles, trunk and leaf
volatiles, and bark beetle pheromones), repellents and
deterrents, oviposition stimulants, short- and long-range sex
pheromones, and defensive substances. Emerging generalities
are that attractants tend to be monoterpenoids and phenolic
esters; oviposition stimulants are monoterpenoids and
flavanoids; short-range sex pheromones are female-produced,
methyl-branched cuticular hydrocarbons; and
long-range sex pheromones are male-produced -hydroxy
ketones and (,)-diols ranging in length from 6 to 10 carbons.
The latter compounds appear to originate from glands
in the male thorax; putative defensive substances originate
from metasternal secretory pores or mandibular glands. In
one unusual case, a flightless, subterranean female that
attacks sugar cane produces a sex pheromone that is derived
from the amino acid isoleucine. With significantly more than
35,000 species of Cerambycidae worldwide, these generalities
will be subject to change as more species are examined.
Addendum
The authors would like to point out that the electronic version
is more accurate than the printed version. 相似文献
172.
沙打旺与柳枝稷单、混播种苗期水分利用和根冠生长的比较 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
在室内生长箱内盆栽沙打旺和柳枝稷的苗期生长阶段进行高土壤水分 (黄绵土土壤田间持水量FC的 80 % )和低土壤水分 (5 0 ?)处理 ,比较二者单、混播种植下水分利用与根冠生长差异 ,以探讨黄土高原半干旱丘陵区牧草植物的合理种植方式 .结果表明 :在水分利用方面 ,低水处理下混播使沙打旺和柳枝稷叶片瞬时水分利用效率均较单播提高 ,低水处理后混播群体水分利用效率也显著比单播柳枝稷增大 .在根冠生长方面 ,混播促进了柳枝稷地上部分植株高度生长 ,并使地下部分分配比重增大 ,根系绝对长度缩短 ;混播后沙打旺的植株高度降低 ,根系绝对长度增加 ,但干物质分配比重减小 .低水处理后 ,沙打旺和柳枝稷混播下的根冠生长趋向于资源的充分合理利用 ,表现在混播群体的根系生长有利于充分利用土壤深层水和表层来水 ,混播后地上部分高度的生长特征变化利于对光的利用 .因此 ,在水分和养分条件相对较差坡地占较大比例的半干旱黄土丘陵地区 ,采用沙打旺和柳枝稷混播种植相比各自单播利于促进苗期生长与提高土壤水分利用率 .图 2表 2参 10 相似文献
173.
Andra Thiel Gerard Driessen Thomas S. Hoffmeister 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,59(5):614-623
The parasitic wasp, Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), has two reproductive modes, namely, thelytoky or arrhenotoky, and occurs in habitats
with highly variable or relatively stable host abundances, respectively. Since information processing is costly, we expected
that information indicating resource availability would be mainly used by the thelytokous wasps and less so by the arrhenotokous
type. This idea was explored by two different approaches. In a study on patch-time allocation, we used females from ten populations
and measured patch-residence times of individuals that visited multiple patches at different encounter rates. In a more detailed
approach, thelytokous and arrhenotokous females from a single location were observed continuously while foraging, and all
behaviors were recorded. Wasps of both reproductive modes (i.e., both habitat types) used information for the assessment of
habitat quality. However, the way that the information was used differed between them. Whereas thelytokous females used foraging
information to maximize their efficiency at high patch-encounter rates, arrhenotokous females merely reduced the number of
offspring produced without changing patch times. The behavior of the arrhenotokous females should result in a spreading of
offspring across the habitat and, thus, reduced sib-mating. The foraging strategy of these wasps might therefore be an adaptation
to reduce costs associated with inbreeding. 相似文献
174.
175.
176.
根据染料废水的特点 ,研究了自制产品新型氧化 混凝剂处理染料废水的情况 ,探索了药剂用量、pH值等因素对COD、色度去除率的影响。试验表明 ,当pH >10、“染清”氧化 混凝剂的加入量万分之三左右、絮凝时间 6min、静置沉淀3 5min时 ,该药剂对染料废水具有良好的效果 ,COD和色度的去除率最高分别可达 97%和 86% ,从而证明该方法对于染料废水的处理是可行的。该处理工艺设备简单 ,系统运行稳定 ,操作方便 ,成本低 相似文献
177.
178.
利用卧式螺旋式污泥好氧堆肥装置进行间歇式动态堆肥,对污水厂厌氧消化污泥进行了中温堆肥试验研究.通过控制各组堆肥的含水率、物料配比和通气量,重点探讨各种条件下堆体温度与有机物降解的关系.试验结果表明,厌氧消化污泥以木屑为调理剂在装置中可以实现好氧堆肥处理,其适宜的物料控制参数为:污泥:木屑=10:1~1.5(湿重比),堆肥含水率50%~60%;过程控制参数为:通风量为6.7~8.3 m3/h·t,发酵周期为8 d,温度45℃. 相似文献
179.
射流曝气的气液两相流的数值模拟 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
射流曝气在活性污泥处理方法中起着重要的作用。采用数值模拟的方法研究自吸式单级单喷射流器中的气液两相流动状况,通过对不同长径比和喷嘴面积比的射流曝气器模型的气液两相流的计算,定量分析长径比和喷嘴面积比对射流曝气器流场和空气与工作介质流量比的影响,为进一步设计开发新型高效的射流曝气器提供参考。 相似文献
180.