高温烟气静电除尘中试试验研究

为了研究在宽间距静电除尘器内部流动的大流量高温烟气中颗粒物的静电捕集特性,基于CFB锅炉中试试验平台设计并搭建了高温静电除尘中试装置.试验了板间距300mm、最高温度达到1020K的实际烟气中颗粒物的静电捕集特性,获得了放电电压、温度和烟气流速等关键因素对颗粒物的静电捕集的影响规律.实验结果表明,高温静电除尘器中烟气流速为0.3m/s,温度为1020K下达到了82.2%的除尘效率,证实了针对实际高温烟气,静电除尘器有较好的颗粒捕集效果.通过对比563K到1020K下的热态试验以及常温下的冷态试验,发现颗粒捕集效率随温度的上升迅速降低,这与高温下流速的上升、放电电压的降低以及气体黏性的增加有关.     

苯为前驱物形成二噁英的反应机理

苯作为垃圾中普遍存在的成分是形成多氯二苯并对二噁英/呋喃（PCDD/Fs）的重要前驱物之一.应用密度泛函理论（DFT）在B3LYP/6-311+G （d,p）水平上研究了苯生成PCDD/Fs的两阶段气相反应机理,获得相关基元反应的势垒与反应热.采用隧道效应校正的变分过渡态理论（VTST）对300~1300K的各基元反应进行速率常数计算.结果表明：苯的氯化过程在合成PCDD/Fs各基元反应中势垒最高,是整个过程的控速步骤;氯酚更有可能被HO·进攻氯苯发生亲核反应后经分子内脱氢形成;邻位Cl能提高芳香烃H的抽取势垒,降低分子反应活性;苯氧自由基经碳碳或碳氧耦合二聚化过程形成不同PCDD/Fs存在竞争机制.相关计算结果可以用于在总二噁英产量基础上评估由苯产生的PCDD/Fs贡献率.     

模拟三峡库区消落带土壤有机磷酸酯淹水释放特征

本研究以三峡库区消落带典型土壤作为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验,探讨了有机磷酸酯(OPEs)的含量、环境温度、土壤有机质含量、微生物因素的变化对土壤中常见OPEs单体迁移释放的影响.结果表明,土壤中OPEs含量越低,其迁移释放量越低;有机质含量升高,土壤向上覆水释放的OPEs减少,预示土壤添加有机质后对OPEs的释放产生了一定的抑制作用,有机质对OPEs的吸附起主要作用,但当有机质含量(以干重计)高于30 g·kg~(-1)时,对OPEs释放的抑制作用并未显著增强;在环境温度为27℃时,三类OPEs的平均释放量为1 077. 3 ng·m L~(-1),高于7℃的释放量,说明高温对OPEs的释放起促进作用.微生物对其作用并不明显.氯类的OPEs包括磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP)、磷酸三(1-氯-2-丙基)酯(TCPP)和磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯(TDCP)为最主要的释放单体,主要原因可能是氯类OPEs的辛醇水分配系数(Kow值)和有机碳分配系数(Koc值)比烷烃类和芳烃类OPEs低,更易溶于水体,不易被土壤中的有机质吸附,因此氯类OPEs更易从土壤中迁移释放到上覆水中,成为三峡库区上覆水中主要的OPEs单体.     

Humanitarianism and Local Service Institutions in Angola

The role of local service institutions is not a major focus of current discourse on humanitarianism and complex emergencies. These institutions, in the few places where they are mentioned, are usually presented as either the seed of civil society and future democracy, or as pawns and components of the predatory economic, political and military élites. Few would deny that examples can be found which conform to both of these stereotypes. This simplistic representation of local institutions ignores the perspectives of the actors themselves — the nurses, extension agents, school teachers and others who actually staff most NGO-supported projects. The debate has focused on what ‘we’ should do; the moral dilemmas of aid agencies and their expatriate staff, inevitably leading to the question of whether or not humanitarian workers should stay or leave situations in which aid may be causing more harm than good. Without denying the fundamental importance of these issues, it is important to consider also how the discourse has unfortunately moved away from those humanitarian workers who have no such choice, since they live there. Current concerns about keeping humanitarian aid from feeding local political and military struggles may inadvertently and paradoxically serve to constrain room for man?uvre in the field, particularly among those individuals with the greatest tacit understanding of the predatory environment. There is a need to understand how actors in local service institutions make sense of their own situations, including the factors which frame their moral dilemmas and their day-to-day choices. By analysing the organisational processes within local service institutions, this study is intended to provoke consideration of how these individuals and their institutions may be effectively supported in complex emergencies through a focus on how they themselves deal with danger and complexity. It is suggested that there is a value in considering the lessons learnt in recent years about how service organisations in the North function in turbulent environments. This experience points to the importance of allowing workers the discretion to develop a relationship with their clients, and in so doing make sense of a confusing and ambivalent environment.     

The Northridge Earthquake: Community-based Approaches to Unmet Recovery Needs

The 1994 Northridge, California earthquake has proven to be one of the most costly disasters in United States history. Federal and state assistance programmes received some 681,000 applications from victims for various forms of relief. In spite of the flow of US$11 billion in federal assistance into Los Angeles and Ventura counties, many victims have failed to obtain adequate relief. These unmet needs relate to the vulnerability of particular class and ethnic groups. In response to unmet needs, a number of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have become involved in the recovery process. This paper, based on evidence collected from hundreds of in-depth interviews with the people involved, examines the activities of several community-based organisations (CBOs) and other NGOs as they have attempted to assist vulnerable people with unmet post-disaster needs. We discuss two small ethnically diverse communities in Ventura County, on the periphery of the Los Angeles metropolitan region. The earthquake and resultant disaster declaration provided an opportunity for local government and NGOs to acquire federal resources not normally available for economic development. At the same time the earthquake created political openings in which longer-term issues of community development could be addressed by various local stakeholders. A key issue in recovery has been the availability of affordable housing for those on low incomes, particularly Latinos, the elderly and farm workers. We discuss the successes and limitations of CBOs and NGOs as mechanisms for dealing with vulnerable populations, unmet needs and recovery issues in the two communities.     

莱州湾滨海盐渍土中铵态氮水平运移室内模拟试验

莱州湾滨海盐渍土中铵态氮水平运移规律研究表明,铵态氮在水平方向存在运移,运移速率随供试示踪剂源距离的增加而迅速减小,在20cm运移距离内,NH+4由于受到土壤胶体的吸附而逐渐降低,并呈幂函数关系;铵态氮的水平运移主要由土壤对铵吸附的饱和程度决定,而运移速率主要由铵态氮的浓度梯度和水势梯度控制。铵态氮水平运移速率随土壤含水量的增大而升高,并呈指数曲线变化。铵态氮水平运移的浓度受非饱和土壤水扩散率的影响,并随非饱和土壤水扩散率的升高而呈幂函数曲线下降。     

分形理论在松嫩平原西部生态环境胁迫研究中的应用

以松嫩平原西部为例,在构建生态环境胁迫评价指标体系的基础上,运用分形理论对生态环境胁迫进行量化研究.结果表明,1989-2004年15 a间,除松原市和扶余县以外,其他县市生态环境胁迫系数都呈增大趋势,特别是大安市、长岭县、乾安县等地胁迫系数较大.采用相对指标法,运用GIS-EIS集成技术,对松嫩平原西部生态环境胁迫度进行分级.最后,分析了影响生态环境胁迫变化的驱动因子,并提出减缓生态环境胁迫的措施.     

Effects of within- and among-patch experiences on the patch-leaving decision rules in an insect parasitoid

The present study aimed to address how an insect parasitoid makes patch-departure decisions from various types of host patches and how previous patch experiences in the environment modify this decision-making process. Experiments were done with the parasitic wasp Aphidius rhopalosiphi attacking the grain aphid Sitobion avenae. In the experiments, wasps were observed in a laboratory environment containing several patches of various host densities, and behavioural records were analysed using a Coxs proportional hazards model. Consideration of the effect of the within-patch experience gave a classic pattern of patch-leaving decision rules in parasitoids: A. rhopalosiphi used local information on host quality (i.e. numbers of ovipositions or rejections) and availability (i.e. patch density) to determine departure decision. However, consideration of previous patch experiences provided evidence that these departure rules are fundamentally dynamic, responding to the physiological state of the animal and the information it has about its environment. Results showed that A. rhopalosiphi decreased its tendency to leave the visited patch after an oviposition. However, when a female has already laid several other eggs in the environment, such an incremental mechanism gradually switched to a decremental one. Hence, A. rhopalosiphi responded to egg-load depletion by leaving the visited patches sooner and by depositing a smaller number of eggs in those patches, which probably led to a decreased level of superparasitism. Results also indicated that previous experiences enabled wasps to estimate spatial host distribution and then to adjust their behavioural decisions accordingly. Thus, A. rhopalosiphi was shown to adjust its patch residence time according to the quality and the number of the patches previously visited. These proximate mechanistic rules adopted by A. rhopalosiphi females are discussed in the context of general predictions from optimality models.Communicated by D. Gwynne