2015年石家庄市采暖期一次重污染过程细颗粒物在线来源解析

近年来,我国北方采暖期的大气污染问题备受关注.以2015年11月24日至12月4日石家庄地区一次重污染过程为例,采用大气细颗粒物实时在线源解析技术,对不同时段细颗粒物来源解析结果和各类源粒径分布、重污染期间各类源的质谱特征,结合气象条件进行综合分析.结果表明：重污染期间主要污染物来源为燃煤、工业工艺、机动车尾气和二次无机源;低压、静稳条件和低空传输共同作用下,以燃煤及工业工艺源排放颗粒物为主的细颗粒物严重累积,二次转化加剧,导致此次重污染的发生;来自燃煤源的颗粒物以混合碳为主,工业工艺源以金属为主,机动车尾气源以元素碳和金属锰为主,纯二次无机源以二次无机离子为主,来自扬尘源的颗粒物以铝、钙、铁和硅酸盐为主,生物质燃烧源以左旋葡聚糖LEV为主,餐饮源以有机酸为特征信号;与重污染前后不同,八类源于重污染发生期间在整个粒径段呈现均匀分布状态.     

SCAR处理城市生活污水的效能及其微生物群落动态分析

利用强化循环厌氧反应器(SCAR)处理模拟城市生活污水,研究不同负荷条件下的反应器运行特征、污泥特性及微生物种群结构.结果表明,水力停留时间(HRT)为6 h可以作为反应器高效运行的关键控制参数,该条件下污水化学需氧量(COD)去除率达到75%以上.随着反应器容积负荷的逐渐提高,颗粒污泥中辅酶F420和产甲烷活性(SMA)逐渐增加,胞外聚合物(EPS)含量也不断提高,其中紧密黏附EPS(TB-EPS)含量的增加尤其明显.厌氧颗粒污泥性状和反应器对污染物的去除效率同时受到污泥负荷和HRT的影响,微生物的群落结构及其在反应器中的空间分布也受到污泥负荷的影响,不同代谢特征微生物在反应器不同空间位置的相对丰度随着污泥负荷的调整而改变.     

利用3 nm~20 μm颗粒物粒径分布测量仪对南宁市大气颗粒物粒径分布特征进行研究

利用颗粒物粒径分布测量仪(particle size distribution system,PSD)对南宁市2016年11月15日—12月4日大气颗粒物进行实时监测,分析颗粒物数浓度、粒径分布特征及其与颗粒物质量浓度的关系.结果表明,南宁市3 nm~20μm颗粒物平均数浓度为3269个·cm-3,粒径呈双峰分布,主峰值出现在28 nm左右,次峰值出现在100 nm左右.颗粒物数浓度随时间变化呈现一定规律,即早上8:00—10:00和晚上18:00—20:00左右出现浓度高值,这与早晚高峰有关.新粒子一般在16:00~18:00左右开始生成,18:00—20:00左右逐渐长大,并在夜间至凌晨保持较高的浓度.南宁市监测期间新粒子生成与机动车尾气排放有关.颗粒物质量浓度越大对应的数浓度也相应较高,较大粒径颗粒物对质量浓度贡献较大.降雨和风速加大过程对颗粒物数浓度下降有影响;温度和湿度对颗粒物数浓度影响不明显.     

Seasonal and particle size-dependent variations in gas/particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs

This study monitored particle size-dependent variations in atmospheric polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Two gas/particle partitioning models, the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (P(L)(0)) and the octanol-air partition coefficient (K(OA)) model, were applied to each particle sizes. The regression coefficients of each fraction against the gas/particle partition coefficient (K(P)) were similar for separated particles within the same sample set but differed for particles collected during different periods. Gas/particle partitioning calculated from the integral of fractions was similar to that of size-segregated particles and previously measured bulk values. Despite the different behaviors and production mechanisms of atmospheric particles of different sizes, PCDD/F partitioning of each size range was controlled by meteorological conditions such as atmospheric temperature, O(3) and UV, which reflects no source related with certain particle size ranges but mixed urban sources within this city. Our observations emphasize that when assessing environmental and health effects, the movement of PCDD/Fs in air should be considered in conjunction with particle size in addition to the bulk aerosol.     

Ambient Aerosol and its Carbon Content in Gainesville, a Mid-Scale City in Florida

Ambient aerosols were collected during 2000–2001 in Gainesville, Florida, using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) to study mass size distribution and carbon composition. A bimodal mass distribution was found in every sample with major peaks for aerosols ranging from 0.32 to 0.56 μm, and 3.2 to 5.6 μm in diameter. The two distributions represent the fine mode (<2.5 μm) and the coarse mode (>2.5 μm) of particle size. Averaged over all sites and seasons, coarse particles consisted of 15% carbon while fine particles consisted of 22% carbon. Considerable variation was noted between winter and summer seasons. Smoke from fireplaces in winter appeared to be an important factor for the carbon, especially the elemental carbon contribution. In summer, organic carbon was more abundant. The maximum secondary organic carbon was also found in this season (7.0 μg m⁻³), and the concentration is between those observed in urban areas (15–20 μg m⁻³) and in rural areas (4–5 μg m⁻³). However, unlike in large cities where photochemical activity of anthropogenic emissions are determinants of carbon composition, biogenic sources were likely the key factor in Gainesville. Other critical factors that affect the distribution, shape and concentration were precipitation, brushfire and wind.     

Factors affecting river health and its assessment over broad geographic ranges: the Western Australian experience

AusRivAS is an Australia-wide program that measures river condition using predictive models to compare the macroinvertebrate families occurring at a river site with those expected if the site were in natural condition. Results of assessment of 685 sites across all major rivers in Western Australia are presented. Most rivers were in relatively natural condition in the northern half of the state where the human population is low and pastoralism is the major land use. In the south, where the human population is higher and agriculture is more intensive, rivers were mostly more disturbed. AusRivAS assessment produced some erroneous results in rivers of the south-west cropping zone because of the lack of appropriate reference site groups and biased distribution of sampling sites. Collecting low numbers of animals from many forested streams, because of low stream productivity and samples that were difficult to sort, also affected assessments. Overall, however, AusRivAs assessment identified catchment processes that were inimical to river health. These processes included salinisation, high nutrient and organic loads, erosion and loss of riparian vegetation. River regulation, channel modification and fire were also associated with river degradation. As is the case with other assessment methods, one-off sampling at individual sites using AusRivAS may be misleading. Seasonal drought, in particular, may make it difficult to relate conditions at the time of sampling to longer-term river health. AusRivAS has shown river condition in Western Australia is not markedly different from other parts of Australia which, as a whole, lacks the substantial segments of severely degraded river systems reported in England.     

Multiple song repertoire characteristics in the willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus): correlations with female choice and offspring viability

Male willow warblers have song repertoires which vary in complexity along several dimensions. We examined whether female choice, as measured by date of pairing, was based on these song characteristics in 4 different years. Pairing date was negatively correlated with song repertoire size in 1 year, and with song versatility in another year, but there was no consistent effect of any song characteristic on pairing throughout the years or in the pooled sample. The variable that best explained how soon a male pairs is male arrival date (only males that had settled territories before the first female arrived were considered in the analysis). This correlation is consistently significant in all years. This is most parsimoniously interpreted as females choosing some habitat characteristic in the same way that males do. A small percentage of males (8.3%) attracted and paired with a second female. The likelihood of becoming polygynous was not explained by any measured song characteristic, but it was related to arrival date: early males were more likely to pair with two females. Males with large repertoires fledged more young in their primary nests, and there was a trend for the offspring of these males to have a greater probability of being recruited into the population. In conclusion, the results show that in most years there is no sexual selection by female preference on song characteristics, although the data on reproductive success is consistent with the idea of repertoire size being an indicator of male quality. Received: 4 June 1999 / Received in revised form: 1 December 1999 / Accepted: 31 December 1999     

Nestling provisioning in polygynous great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus): do males bring larger prey to compensate for fewer nest visits?

Most studies of social polygyny in birds have examined male provisioning on the basis of the number of feeding visits. This may be misleading if males compensate for infrequent visits by bringing larger prey at each visit. We investigated nestling provisioning in the socially polygynous great reed warbler, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, in south Central Sweden in 1996–1997. We collected data on rate of feeding visits, prey size and the amount of biomass delivered by males and females. Males had lower rates of feeding visits and provided smaller prey to nestlings in secondary than in monogamous and primary nests. Secondary females had higher rates of feeding visits and brought larger prey than monogamous and primary females. These results confirm that secondary females face a potential cost of polygyny through a lower rate of male feeding, and that this cost was reinforced by the significantly lower male provisioning rate (biomass h^–1) at secondary nests. Secondary females compensated for the lack of male assistance by increasing their rate of feeding and bringing larger prey. As a result, offspring in nests of secondary females received as much food as did those in nests of primary females. Prey load size increased with the parent’s proportion of feeding visits, suggesting that parents use different feeding strategies depending on their amount of responsibility for nestling provisioning. We suggest that parents which take the main responsibility for nestling feeding have to forage further away from the nest, and based on optimal-foraging theory, they should then on average bring larger prey to their nest. Received: 4 April 1999 / Received in revised form: 12 October 1999 / Accepted: 23 October 1999     

湖北郧西县庹家湾剖面粒度组成特征及其环境意义

对湖北省郧西县庹家湾(TJW)剖面的地层序列、年代、磁化率及粒度组成进行研究。结果表明:TJW剖面具有表土(MS)→全新世黄土(L0)→古土壤(S0)→过渡层(Lt)→马兰黄土(L1)→黄土与砂互层(T1-al2)→砾石层(T1-al1)的地层序列;在马兰黄土层上部的黏粒含量、黏粒/粉砂值以及磁化率值明显高于典型马兰黄土,而接近古土壤(S0),其成壤作用明显,属于较典型的弱古土壤层(L1-S1和L1-S2),其年龄在27.3~21.6 ka B.P.之间。此现象反映了在汉江上游地区,晚更新世时期的冰期气候并不是持续稳定的,在27.3~21.6 ka B.P.期间存在相对短暂的温暖湿润阶段,这次气候事件可与黄土高原地区进行良好对比。     

湿法脱硫系统对烟气中可吸入颗粒物特性影响的实验研究

采用荷电低压颗粒冲击器对4套湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统进出口颗粒物进行在线检测和采样分析,获得烟气中PM10、PM2.5质量浓度以及粒径分布特征,并通过场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和元素能谱对飞灰颗粒的形貌特征和主要元素含量进行分析。实验结果表明,由于脱硫塔喷淋浆液的洗涤作用,WFGD系统对飞灰颗粒有一定的脱除效果,但喷淋浆液产生的小液滴以及石灰石/石膏颗粒被携带进入烟气,导致WFGD系统对烟气中颗粒物质量浓度及粒径分布影响较大。WFGD系统对飞灰颗粒组成成分也有一定影响,以WFGD系统B为例,出口飞灰颗粒中Ca和S的质量分数从进口的1.60%、2.81%上升到出口的6.12%、10.92%。FESEM观察结果表明,脱硫后小颗粒在脱硫浆液的促进作用下团聚凝并,形成大颗粒,呈现致密的不规则块状、层状或絮状结构。