不透水地表粗糙度对城市面源颗粒物的累积和冲刷影响

目前国内外关于不透水地表微观结构特征如何影响街尘对径流输出过程的研究鲜见报道.本研究基于12场降雨事件的野外观测,以粗糙度（构造深）量化不透水地表微观结构特征,分析粗糙度与晴天街尘的累积特征及雨天冲刷特征之间的相关关系.结果表明,不透水地表粗糙度显著影响街尘的晴天累积-雨天冲刷过程,晴天累积天数对粗糙度与街尘累积量的相关性（r=0.664,P<0.01）具有增强效应,降雨量对粗糙度与街尘冲刷量的相关性（r=0.527,P<0.01）具有增强效应;各粒径段街尘累积量与粗糙度的相关性（0.529≤ r<0.757）随颗粒物粒径变大而提高,各粒径段街尘冲刷量与粗糙度的相关性（0.603 > r > 0.209）随颗粒物粒径变大而降低.通过建立粗糙度和降雨量的线性回归模型可以较好地预测场降雨径流中TSS累积污染负荷.粗糙度和降雨量对<20 μm以及>250 μm粒径段的累积负荷作用效果显著.上述结果揭示了粗糙度和降雨量对街尘输出为地表径流污染物的作用,为准确模拟城市面源颗粒污染物的径流冲刷过程提供了科学依据.     

大气颗粒态汞的粒径分布特征及风险评价——以天津城区样品为例

颗粒态汞在大气中停留时间短、易沉降,易对局地环境与人体健康造成危害,明确不同粒径颗粒态汞的分布,对进一步认知大气汞循环及环境归趋具有重要意义。本文讨论了2018年天津市四季大气颗粒态汞的粒径分布特征及季节性差异,判定了其可能来源,评估了其潜在生态和人体健康风险。结果表明,受初级排放源及活性气态汞的气-粒分配影响,颗粒态汞在PM_<0.5、PM_0.5～1粒径中明显富集,其环境健康危害一直被低估。大气颗粒态汞的平均浓度为181.1±97.2 pg/m³,冬季浓度较高,可能受人为排放量大、沉降率低、气-粒分配系数K_p与温度成反比因素控制。夏季浓度较低,除受清洁海相气团影响外,天气潮湿,汞的清除作用加大也是重要因素。颗粒态汞来源不同,冬季主要来源于北方燃煤供暖,春秋季与日常工业生产、车辆排放相关,夏季受自然源海相气团影响较大。尽管大气颗粒态汞通过呼吸给人体带来的健康风险较低,但细粒径风险值显著高于粗粒径,且其具有很强的生态环境危害,需要得到高度重视。     

不同粒径近地表大气尘元素分配规律研究——以成都经济区为例

将不同地貌单元和城市不同功能区的近地表大气尘机械筛分,分析其粒度组成和化学组成特征及其相互关系,以探讨元素在不同粒径大气尘颗粒中的分配规律。研究结果表明:近地表大气尘颗粒粒径主要集中在300~400目(38.5~54μm),其中城市和丘陵地区质量分数最高,达56.596%~68.493%。化学组成上,人为扰动重金属元素,除Pb本底值比较高外,总体上城市高于丘陵和山区;Al2O3、Na2O、SiO2、Ti、Zr等稳定元素总体上,随粒径的减小,元素含量逐渐增大;Mn、P、S等元素,总体上随粒径的减小,元素含量逐渐减小。Pb、Zn、Cr等人为扰动元素,大粒径近地表大气尘元素含量稍大于小粒径元素含量,但小粒径元素含量总体上仍呈现随粒径的减小而逐渐增大的趋势。     

不同泥龄下活性污泥絮体性状的研究

采用序批式反应器对不同泥龄下污泥絮体的化学性状(胞外聚合物成分及含量)、物理性状(表面电荷)、形态性状(粒度分布、分形维数)等进行了对比研究.结果表明:泥龄对胞外聚合物总量及各组分含量的影响规律并不明显;多糖/蛋白质愈大,污泥絮体表面电负性愈强;污泥絮体的平均粒径随泥龄的延长呈逐渐减小的趋势,且粒度分布愈来愈均匀;不同泥龄下,污泥絮体形态结构亦不相同,泥龄短时,絮体表面粗糙,结构开放疏松;泥龄长时,絮体表面平滑,结构紧凑;随着泥龄的增大,絮体分形维数逐渐增加.由于不同泥龄下所表现出的污泥絮体性状的差异,直接影响了污泥的絮凝和沉降性能.     

不同来源太湖沉积物粒径分布及其对Cu的吸附特征

以不同来源的太湖沉积物为研究对象,利用Mastersizer 2000型激光粒度分析仪测定沉积物的粒度组成,利用筛析法和吸管法对不同来源沉积物进行分级,测定不同粒径沉积物中Cu含量及不同粒径沉积物对Cu2＋的饱和吸附量,研究沉积物对水溶液中Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附特性,从粒径分级和动力学角度探讨了太湖沉积物对Cu的吸附机理。结果表明：太湖沉积物粒径范围在0.002-0.1 mm,其颗粒组成以粉砂级与粘粒级为主,养殖区沉积物小粒径比例较高,小于0.05 mm粒径沉积物的比例为82.45%;吸附实验研究表明,粒径小于0.005 mm和0.005-0.01 mm沉积物中Cu含量较高,且此粒径沉积物对Cu（Ⅱ）的吸附量最大;吸附动力学研究表明,沉积物的吸附过程分为快反应和慢反应两个阶段,且吸附过程以表面吸附为主,伪二级动力学方程对动力学曲线拟合较好,其R2值达0.999以上。吸附热力学的研究结果表明：Freundlich方程比较适合描述沉积物对Cu2＋的吸附等温线,其R2大于0.99,对照区、养殖区和生活污水区沉积物对Cu（Ⅱ）的最大吸附量分别为229.20,249.98,261.20 mg.kg-1,方程式中的强度因子1/n不适合描述沉积物与重金属离子的结合能力。     

天然沸石对土壤镉及番茄生物量的影响

为了探索沸石对轻度镉污染土壤的修复效果及对番茄生长的影响,利用盆栽试验研究了不同沸石添加量及不同沸石粒级等因素对不同生长时期番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）植株生物量、果实产量和土壤镉质量分数的影响。结果表明,添加沸石均不同程度地提高不同生长期番茄地上部生物量和果实产量;每千克土壤添加10 g的大粒级（MX）沸石使得土壤全镉和有效镉增加最多,同时也使番茄果实增产最多,每千克土壤添加18 g的小粒级（MN）沸石使得土壤全镉质量分数有所降低,土壤有效镉质量分数增加最少,同时也可使番茄果实增产42.9%以上。小粒级（MN）沸石为削减土壤重金属镉的最佳沸石粒级,18 g.kg-1为削减土壤重金属镉的最佳沸石添加量。     

城市区域大气颗粒物的健康效应研究

从大气颗粒物的来源和转化、人体损伤及毒理学角度3个方面探讨了其对人体健康效应的影响。结果表明,次微米和纳米粒径级别的大气颗粒物及其化学组成能在最大程度上损伤人体机能。粒径不一的颗粒物有不同的沉积机制、沉积部位和沉积量,化学价态是重金属离子毒性大小的首要因子。从次微米级水平来研究颗粒物的毒性,才能为制定更为有效的大气颗粒物污染防治措施以及在研究大气颗粒物对人体损伤机理方面提供相应的科学依据。     

Effects of vacuum levels,carbon dioxide,and structural sizes of linked vessels on dump vessel vented

The method of explosion venting is widely used in industrial explosion-proof design due to its simple operation, economical and practical features. A dump vessel vented platform was built. By changing the vacuum level and the gas in the dump vessels and the structural size of linked vessels, the pressure in the explosion vessel and the dump vessel was compared, and the influencing factors of explosion venting investigated. The main conclusions are as follows: In the explosion venting process, the higher the vacuum in the dump vessel, the smaller the pressure peak of the explosion vessel and the dump vessel, and the faster the explosion pressure is lowered. When the dump vessel is under the same vacuum level and the gas in the dump vessel is CO₂, the maximum pressure of the explosion vessel and the dump vessel is less than the maximum pressure when the containment medium is air. Under the same vacuum condition, the larger the volume ratio of the dump vessel and the explosion vessel, the smaller the pressure peak of the explosion vessel, the faster the explosion pressure drops, and the volume of the dump vessel reaches or exceeds the explosion vessel. Increasing the volume ratio of the containment vessel to the explosion vessel facilitates protection of the explosion vessel and the containment vessel. Under the same vacuum condition, when the gas explosion in 113 L vessel vents into 22 L vessel, the longer the length of the pipe, the greater the maximum pressure in the spherical vessel. When the gas explosion in 22 L vessel vents into 113 L dump vessel, as the pipeline grows, the maximum pressure in the two vessels decreases, but the reduction is not significant. In practical application, it is recommended to use a vacuum of 0.08Mpa or more for the dump vessel vented, and the containment medium is CO_2.In terms of the structural size of the container, it is recommended that the ratio of the receiving container to the explosion container be as large as possible, and the pipe length be as long.     

Kinetic free mathematical model for the prediction of Kst values for organic dusts with arbitrary particle size distribution

Risk mitigation in production facilities has been an issue of great interest for decades, especially in activities which represent a serious hazard to human health, environment and industrial plants. Dust explosions are a major hazard in many industrial processes: only in the first part of 2019 (January–June) 34 dust explosions, mainly due to organic powders, occurred worldwide. An explosion may take place whenever there is the presence of combustible dusts, which are frequently generated by activities such as grinding, crushing, conveying and storage. Currently, a relatively expensive experimental test, carried out into a 20-L Siwek apparatus, is used to address the order of magnitude (class) of explosive dust: this piece of information is referred to as the deflagration index, K_st. At the current state, only a few pioneering models have been developed in order to predict the value of the K_st as a function of some relevant properties of the dust: e.g. particle size distribution (PSD), humidity, thermal conductivity, etc‥ Most of these models condense the information about the PSD of a given dust into an average value, referred to as D₅₀. In this work, a kinetic free mathematical model aimed at predicting the deflagration index for organic dusts is presented. This model, unlike the older ones, considers the whole particle size distribution for the computation of the deflagration index. In order to be implemented, only a single experimental K_st value (which works as a reference) and a particle size analysis on the dust are required. The model was validated using the whole granulometric distribution of three different organic powders (fosfomycin, sugar and niacin). In addition, the same estimations were done by considering only the D₅₀ data. It was noticed that, for highly polydispersed dusts, results were less accurate with respect to those obtained using the complete PSD, highlighting the importance of considering a complete granulometric distribution for process safety purposes.     

A methodology for calculating sample size to assess localized corrosion of process components

This paper proposes a methodology to estimate the required sample size to assess, with a specified precision, the localized corrosion of process components. The proposed methodology uses the extreme value and bootstrap methods. The results of estimated sample size ensure that the predicted maximum localized corrosion with the extreme value method is within an acceptable margin of error at a specified confidence level. Using the results of the proposed methodology, an equation is introduced to calculate sample size as a function of the acceptable margin of error, the population size, the standard deviation of corrosion data and the required confidence level. The probability of exceedance of critical limit of localized corrosion is also estimated. The methodology is explained through a case study of localized corrosion in process piping.