宜兴市横山水库底泥内源污染及释放特征

为弄清宜兴市横山水库底泥内源污染及释放特征,对水库典型断面进行采样分析.结果表明,横山水库表层沉积物中的总氮、总磷和有机质的平均含量分别为2778 mg·kg^-1、899 mg·kg^-1和3.1%,内源污染严重,且水库下游沉积物的污染程度高于水库上游.磷形态分析结果表明,铁结合态磷(Fe-P)和铝结合磷(Al-P)是沉积物中的主要结合态磷,分别占总磷的质量分数为28%和39%.底泥活性磷(弱吸附态磷、有机磷以及铁磷之和)平均含量为255 mg·kg^-1,占总磷的质量分数为38%.底泥氮磷平均释放速率分别为18.0 mg·(m²·d)^-1和0.60 mg·(m²·d)^-1.相关性分析结果表明,沉积物有机质含量与磷酸根、氨氮、二价铁的扩散释放通量相关性显著(P <0.05),说明沉积物中有机质的矿化可能是底泥氮磷释放的主要影响因素.     

微生物对冰封期湖泊沉积物中有机磷降解释放的影响

以寒旱区湖泊乌梁素海为研究对象,以有机磷降解过程中的形态转化为主线,探讨了冰封期内底物添加与灭菌处理对有机磷释放特征的影响.结果表明,180 d冰封期内,灭菌处理(T_N)上覆水中可溶性总磷酸盐(DTP)和可溶性正磷酸盐(DIP)及可溶性有机磷(DOP)的质量浓度均高于底物添加处理(T_M),揭示T_M体系中厌氧微生物的同化利用降低了上覆水中磷的质量浓度;同时微生物驱动下铁的异化还原作用也是影响水-沉积物界面有机磷释放的重要机制.释放周期内,沉积物中活性有机磷(LOP)、总活性磷(TLP)的含量均减少;T_M体系的中等活性有机磷(MLOP)含量先减少后增加,非活性有机磷(NLOP)的含量先增加后减少;T_N的MLOP含量波动性增加,NLOP的含量波动性减少.释放初期(0~60 d),T_M的MLOP含量高于T_N,而NLOP的含量低于T_N;释放中末期(60~180 d),T_M的MLOP含量低于T_N,而NLOP的含量高于T_N.揭示释放中沉积物MLOP与NLOP之间存在相互转化的可能性.释放过程中,T_M沉积物有机磷的相对含量降低,无机磷的相对含量增高,呈现有机磷向无机磷转化的趋势,沉积物有机磷约有6.1%转化为无机磷,揭示了冰封期内,微生物可加速沉积物有机磷向无机磷的转化,提高了磷的生物可利用率,增加了沉积物磷向上覆水释放的风险.     

滇池柱状沉积物磷形态垂向变化及对释放的贡献

选取了滇池外海北部、中部和南部柱状沉积物样品,结合上覆水磷和柱状沉积物有机质数据,研究了有机质(OM)及粒径组成对沉积物释放的影响,并探讨了不同形态磷对沉积物释放的影响及贡献.结果表明:1沉积物间隙水ρ(DTP)和ρ(SRP)均与OM、沉积物黏土(4.00μm)和粉砂粒(4.00~63.00μm)含量呈显著负相关,但与砂砾(63.00μm)含量呈显著正相关,表明沉积物有机质含量的增加显著降低了其间隙水中磷的质量浓度,且黏土和粉砂粒含量的增加也会降低间隙水磷的质量浓度,抑制了沉积物磷的释放.2滇池沉积物潜在可移动磷(BD-P和NaOH-nrp)与黏粒和粉砂砾均呈显著正相关,与砂砾呈显著负相关,表明黏粒和粉砂砾可能对沉积物磷的移动能力提升,砂砾可能对沉积物磷的滞留能力提升.3在较短时间尺度内,外海北部沉积物磷以释放为主,中部和南部以滞留为主;在较长时间尺度内,外海北部和中部沉积物磷以释放为主,南部的以滞留为主.控制滇池沉积物磷释放需要考虑不同磷形态特征及有机质和粒径的影响,采取相应措施以主要控制滇池北部沉积物磷的释放.     

江湖关系变化对鄱阳湖沉积物氨氮释放风险的影响

选取了鄱阳湖北部湖区、“五河”入湖尾闾区、湖心区共14个不同高程的表层出露沉积物样品,通过研究其总氮(TN)含量和氨氮(NH4+-N)释放热力学及动力学特征,试图揭示江湖关系变化导致的水位变化对鄱阳湖沉积物氨氮释放风险的影响.结果表明,鄱阳湖沉积物TN含量在377～3875mg/kg之间;NH4+-N吸附/解吸平衡浓度(EC0)在1.49～2.99mg/L之间;单位沉积物NH4+-N的最大释放量在17.00~140.97mg/kg之间,NH4+-N释放主要集中在0~5min时段,占最大释放量的50.84%~73.34%,TN含量、EC0浓度、NH4+-N的最大释放量及初始释放速率均随沉积物所处高程的增高而增大,由此可见近年来由于长江来水量减少,鄱阳湖与长江之间江湖关系的改变,引起鄱阳湖枯水期提前及低枯水位持续时间增加,导致沉积物出露时间延长,进而促使沉积物TN含量、EC0浓度、单位沉积物NH4+-N最大释放量及0~5min时段NH4+-N释放速率升高,进而引起沉积物NH4+-N释放风险增大,是导致鄱阳湖水质恶化的重要机制之一.如果此江湖关系变化持续,枯水期低枯水位持续,势必引起沉积物出露面积进一步增大及出露时间的延长,最终可导致来年丰水期鄱阳湖沉积物NH4+-N释放风险增大.     

污泥苯酚的释放特征及其风险评价与控制

在测定不同类型污泥中苯酚含量的基础上,通过模拟试验,研究自然状态和不同干化温度下污泥苯酚的释放特征及其影响因素,同时对污泥释放苯酚进行致癌风险评价,并提出收集与控制措施.结果表明,被测污泥中苯酚的含量范围在0.17～3.22μg/g之间,污泥中苯酚含量呈现出随暴露在空气下时间的增加而降低的趋势;污泥在低温干化时,苯酚释放量较低,主要来源于污泥中原有的苯酚,当污泥在较高温度下干化时,释放的苯酚主要来源于污泥的热解作用;杭州市政污泥在350℃干化时的苯酚释放量,对男、女性暴露人员均存在较高的致癌风险.降低污泥干化温度,控制苯酚的释放与扩散,并通过综合处理措施,可以有效地防治污泥干化过程苯酚污染对人体健康造成的威胁.     

生化需氧量(BOD)测定方法综述

分析评述了现阶段生化需氧量的实验室和快速测定方法的特点,指出了各类方法的影响因素、注意事项及应用范围。     

太湖藻源性颗粒物降解过程中营养盐转化及其生态效应

以太湖水体中藻源性颗粒有机物作为切入点,研究了不同环境条件下(有光,无光)藻源性颗粒有机物降解过程中C,N,P等营养元素的形态变化过程,分析了藻源性颗粒有机物对水体营养盐循环和浮游植物生长中的作用.实验结果显示,蓝藻水华过程中,藻源性颗粒有机物最高可占水体总C,N,P比例的81.51%,94.60%,97.47%,是水体营养元素的重要组成部分;有光组颗粒物APA显著高于无光组,说明有光组中颗粒态P降解和转化速率显著高于无光组,但有光组水体中SRP浓度低于无光组,Chl-a浓度高于无光组,说明有光组中藻源性颗粒物降解的同时伴随着藻类的生长,颗粒物释放的SRP被浮游植物吸收并转化为生物量;光照对C,N,P的降解过程有明显影响,无光组颗粒物中C,N,P降解速率是有光组的2倍,可降解比例是有光组的(2.5±0.1)倍;实验中还发现前7d各元素的降解速率要高于之后的降解速率.综上,藻源性颗粒物营养盐总量大,生物可利用性高,降解迅速,且降解产物可被浮游植物吸收,是藻类生长和水华发生重要的营养盐来源.     

Growth release and growth inhibition of Pinus tabulaeformis forest in the Loess Plateau of western Shanxi Province,China北大核心CSCD

There has been increased focus on the impacts of climate change on vegetation growth, and human activities that interfere with the vegetation. Discussing the effects of climate change and thinning activity on forest growth is essential to expand plantation areas. In this study, the dendroecological method was used to analyze the radial growth of Pinus tabulaeformis to reveal the impacts of climate change and human activities on forest stand growth. These samples were derived from three different density areas of P. tabulaeformis forest at the Linfen City of Shanxi Province (the east of Loess Plateau). The correlation analysis between tree ring width index and climatic factors indicated that the growth of P. tabulaeformis was negatively related to precipitation in January and the monthly maximum temperature in December of the previous year, whereas positively correlated with precipitation in July and the monthly maximum temperature in October in that year. The phenomena of growth release and inhibition could be attributed to the impacts of climate change and thinning during 1978-2003. However, growth inhibition was closely related to unsuitable climatic conditions. Plot 1 showed a moderate growth inhibition period when the growth variation was less than -50%, and growth release was caused by thinning. The growth variation was greater than 47% in the period of growth release. Moreover, a slight growth release occurred due to tending in plot 2, and the rate of growth change exceeded 39%. A slight growth suppression induced by uncomfortable climatic condition caused growth variation less than -32% and a moderate growth release by the interaction of cutting and comfortable counterpart made variation rate larger than 75% in plot 3. The release effects of thinning can last for about 5 years. In summary, inappropriate climatic conditions can inhibit the growth of trees, and thinning can promote tree growth by about 5 years. The results can provide a reference for local forest management. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Microwave enhanced advanced oxidation treatment of dairy manure

Abstract

The microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW-AOP) was used to treat dairy manure in a continuous-flow 915?MHz microwave wastewater treatment system. The treatment efficiency increased with an increase in temperature, as well as hydrogen peroxide dosage. The settling property was also improved in all treated sets, regardless of temperature applied. The system operated at temperatures >100?°C had a much higher soluble chemical oxygen demand than at temperatures <100?°C. The highest soluble carbonaceous compounds, orthophosphate and ammonia were obtained at 110?°C and 0.6%H₂O₂ per % of total solids content. The process should be operated at higher temperatures and higher hydrogen peroxide dosages for maximizing solids disintegration, nutrient release and energy efficiency. An energy fingerprint correlating the cumulative energy consumption and temperature rise was developed. The results demonstrated that the custom designed MW-AOP system is suitable for the effective treatment of dairy manure. The system can readily be scaled up and integrated into a dairy farm manure treatment and resource recovery system.     

A COMPARISON OF SOME DYNAMIC,LINEAR AND POLICY ITERATION METHODS FOR RESERVOIR OPERATION1

Within the past few years, a number of papers have been published in which stochastic mathematical programming models, incorporating first order Markov chains, have been used to derive alternative sequential operating policies for a multiple purpose reservoir. This paper attempts to review and compare three such mathematical modeling and solution techniques, namely dynamic programming, policy iteration, and linear programming. It is assumed that the flows into the reservoir are serially correlated stochastic quantities. The design parameters are assumed fixed, i.e., the reservoir capacity and the storage and release targets, if any, are predetermined. The models are discrete since the continuous variables of time, volume, and flow are approximated by discrete units. The problem is to derive an optimal operating policy. Such a policy defines the reservoir release as a function of the current storage volume and inflow. The form of the solution and some of the advantages, limitations and computational efficiencies of each of the models and their algorithms are compared using a simplified numerical example.