The ecological effects of trichloroacetic acid in the environment

Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) is a member of the family of compounds known as chloroacetic acids, which includes mono-, di- and trichloroacetic acid. The significant property these compounds share is that they are all phytotoxic. TCAA once was widely used as a potent herbicide. However, long after TCAA's use as a herbicide was discontinued, its presence is still detected in the environment in various compartments. Methods for quantifying TCAA in aqueous and solid samples are summarized. Concentrations in various environmental compartments are presented, with a discussion of the possible formation of TCAA through natural processes. Concentrations of TCAA found to be toxic to aquatic and terrestrial organisms in laboratory and field studies were compiled and used to estimate risk quotients for soil and surface waters. TCAA levels in most water bodies not directly affected by point sources appear to be well below toxicity levels for the most sensitive aquatic organisms. Given the phytotoxicity of TCAA, aquatic plants and phytoplankton would be the aquatic species to monitor for potential effects. Given the concentrations of TCAA measured in various soils, there appears to be a risk to terrestrial organisms. Soil uptake of TCAA by plants has been shown to be rapid. Also, combined uptake of TCAA from soil and directly from the atmosphere has been shown. Therefore, risk quotients derived from soil exposure may underestimate the risk TCAA poses to plants. Moreover, TCE and TCA have been shown to be taken up by plants and converted to TCAA, thus leading to an additional exposure route. Mono- and di-chloroacetic acids can co-occur with TCAA in the atmosphere and soil and are more phytotoxic than TCAA. The cumulative effects of TCAA and compounds with similar toxic effects found in air and soil must be considered in subsequent terrestrial ecosystem risk assessments.     

常温空气无焰燃烧中NOx生成的研究

研究了常温空气无焰燃烧中Nox的生成规律.实验研究和计算分析表明,在燃烧器射流对称轴上(300mm×2000mm的空间内),自喷口至炉膛中心处,有一个温度较低的剧烈的燃气与空气扩散混合区,在此区域内,不生成Nox;温度大于1320K的区域,开始生成N2O;在炉膛后部温度大于1810K的高温区,开始生成NO.过量空气系数与容积热负荷对烟气中Nox生成量的影响不大与传统的扩散火焰或预混火焰不同,常温空气无焰燃烧反应发生在一个弥散的宽广区域,在整个炉膛内同时进行,炉膛内高温区面积很小,因而Nox的生成量低,排放稳定.     

横向流中曝气气泡生成动力学及模拟研究

采用水平集方法和变物性的单一流体运动方程,结合显式时间步进的ICE数值算法,三维模拟了推流式曝气池内气泡的生成过程.重点研究了横向水流对曝气气泡生成动力学的影响.模拟的气泡形状演变过程与国外学者的可视化实验符合较好.模拟结果显示,与在静止水流中气泡的生成相比,曝气池内水横向流动对气泡的生成过程有重要的影响.由于受到水流施加的横向曳力作用,气泡逐渐倾斜向下游生长;气泡生成的时间明显缩短;生成气泡的体积也显著地减小.     

A study of the atmospheric reaction of CH3S with O3 as a function of temperature

The atmospheric reaction of the methylthiyl radical (CH₃S) with O₃ was investigated as a function of temperature (259–381 K), in the pressure range of 25–300 Torr, using the technique of laser photolysis/laser-induced fluorescence. The resulting Arrhenius expression, with an uncertainty of ±2σ, was k₁(T=259–381 K)=(1.02±0.30)×10⁻¹² exp[(432±77) K/T] cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹. The obtained rate constant k₁ was independent of pressure over the limited range employed. Our results are compared with the previous studies carried out, at single temperature and as a function of temperature, by different techniques.     

Effects of ozone on growth, yield and leaf gas exchange rates of two Bangladeshi cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

To clarify the effects of O₃ on crop plants cultivated in Bangladesh, two Bangladeshi wheat cultivars (Sufi and Bijoy) were grown in plastic boxes filled with Andisol and exposed daily to charcoal-filtered air or O₃ at 60 and 100 nl l⁻¹ (10:00-17:00) from 13 March to 4 June 2008. The whole-plant dry mass and grain yield per plant of the two cultivars at the final harvest were significantly reduced by the exposure to O₃. Although there was no significant effect of O₃ on stomatal diffusive conductance to H₂O of flag leaf, net photosynthetic rate of the leaf was significantly reduced by the exposure to O_3. The sensitivity of growth, yield, yield components and leaf gas exchange rates to O₃ was not significantly different between the two cultivars. The results obtained in the present study suggest that ambient levels of O₃ may detrimentally affect wheat production in Bangladesh.     

Sensitivity analysis of a parameterization of the stomatal component of the DO3SE model for Quercus ilex to estimate ozone fluxes

A sensitivity analysis of a proposed parameterization of the stomatal conductance (g(s)) module of the European ozone deposition model (DO(3)SE) for Quercus ilex was performed. The performance of the model was tested against measured g(s) in the field at three sites in Spain. The best fit of the model was found for those sites, or during those periods, facing no or mild stress conditions, but a worse performance was found under severe drought or temperature stress, mostly occurring at continental sites. The best performance was obtained when both f(phen) and f(SWP) were included. A local parameterization accounting for the lower temperatures recorded in winter and the higher water shortage at the continental sites resulted in a better performance of the model. The overall results indicate that two different parameterizations of the model are needed, one for marine-influenced sites and another one for continental sites.     

珠江三角洲新垦大气核化速率研究

计算了珠江三角洲新垦地区的大气核化速率,对核化机制及核化速率计算的影响因素进行了分析. 基于PRIDE-PRD2004观测实验期间新垦站点的气溶胶数浓度谱分布观测数据,计算出3 nm粒子的表观形成速率. 根据表观形成速率与核化速率之间的关系式,分析了1 nm粒径临界核的大气核化速率. 结果表明,新粒子事件期间3 nm粒子的表观形成速率为7.2～9.4 cm^-3·s^-1,1 nm临界核的大气核化速率为7.65×10²～1.14×10⁵ cm^-3,与前体物硫酸蒸气浓度比较一致,气态硫酸应是主要的核化前体物. 新垦地区背景气溶胶中积聚模态对碰并汇贡献较大,事件期间气溶胶数浓度变化对核化速率计算结果影响不大. 本研究获取了新垦核化速率信息,有助于进一步了解核化机制. 由于成核临界粒径的不确定性对核化速率计算结果影响很大,确定成核临界粒径对核化速率计算十分重要.     

天津中心城区夏季非甲烷有机化合物组成特征及其臭氧产生潜力分析

大气中非甲烷有机化合物(NMOCs)作为臭氧产生前体物之一,其浓度与组成特征研究对于研究地面臭氧形成的机制有重要的科学意义.选择夏季时段从2009年8月6日到13日在天津中心城区气象局铁塔站位对NMOCs进行采样分析,采样频次为每日5次,采样时间从7:30am到23:00pm间隔2～3h采样1次.天津城区NMOCs的含...     

循环水养殖系统（RAS）生物载体上微生物群落结构变化分析

为研究循环水养殖系统(recirculating aquaculture systems,RAS)生物滤池挂膜及运行过程中生物载体上微生物群落结构的变化及其脱氮机制,采用传统微生物培养方法,对不同时期生物载体上的异养细菌、氨氧化细菌及硝化菌进行堵养计数.并通过变性梯度凝胶电泳技术,对细菌的16S rDNA V3可变区的...     

天津夏季郊区VOCs对臭氧生成的影响

挥发性有机物是O₃重要的前体物之一,在O₃生成方面起着决定性作用.为研究天津郊区VOCs特征及其对O₃生成的作用,利用SyntechSpectras GC955在线监测系统监测天津市津南区54种VOCs的浓度,并结合最大增量活性因子计算VOCs的臭氧生成潜力.结果表明, 2018年7月津南区VOCs总浓度为(32.33±23.77)μg·m^-3,其中烷烃质量浓度最高,芳香烃和烯烃次之,炔烃最低,丙烷、乙烯和甲苯分列VOCs质量浓度的前3位.观测期间TVOC的OFP为107.81μg·m^-3,烯烃对OFP的贡献最大,为55.80%,乙烯、异戊二烯和甲苯分列OFP贡献率的前3位.后向轨迹分析表明,不同来向和性质的气团下TVOC及其OFP不同.VOCs/NO_x体积分数比值估算表明,观测期间O₃生成对VOCs较为敏感.乙苯/间,对-二甲苯和乙烷/乙炔等特定物种对浓度比值的变化表明, 3次O₃污染过程均伴随VOCs的老化过...