污水除磷脱氮中几个关键问题及研究方向的探讨

对高负荷条件下硝化反应和聚磷茵有效除磷进行了探讨;介绍了脱氮除磷过程中互相矛盾的几个主要因素：并针对环境条件、碳源需求以及对反硝化聚磷的诱导与控制等领域内的研究方向进行了综述。     

黄河下游钙-磷形态测定及其生态学意义

本文采用改进的Ruttenberg萃取方法对黄河下游表层沉积物钙-磷进行分析测定。结果表明:总磷(TP)含量在672.24μg/g1365.37μg/g,其中主要成分为无机磷(IP),平均占TP的比例为95.85%。自生矿和生物所产生的磷灰石和碳酸钙键合磷,岩屑磷灰石和任何其它剩余的无机相磷含量最高,占TP的89.41%-96.11%,探讨了Ca-P对河流和海洋产生的可能影响。     

孔石莼（Ulva pertusa）对铅、铜、镉的吸收

研究了大型藻孔石莼对铅、铜和镉的吸收动力学和热力学过程。结果表明,暴露于不同浓度的重金属体系中的孔石莼对铅、铜和镉的积累量随着水相中的游离态浓度的增加而增加,可以用Langmuir吸附等温式从热力学平衡角度加以描述,铅和镉饱和结合量分别为：0．715mg/g干重,Cd^2＋为0．037mg／g干重;在孔石莼对铜（0．056mg／L）吸收动力学浓度的实验中,第4天达到了吸收平衡,蓄积量为对照组的9．01倍;在镉暴露浓度为0．028mg／L的实验中,第5天达吸收平衡,蓄积量为对照组的5．06倍。     

Agronomic application of olive mill wastewaters with phosphate rock in a semi-arid Mediterranean soil modifies the soil properties and decreases the extractable soil phosphorus

Olive mill wastewater (OMW), a by-product of the olive-mill industry, is produced in large amounts in Mediterranean countries. The presence of indigenous phosphate deposits in some countries like Tunisia provides an incentive for direct application or local chemical treatment at low cost to improve the solubility of low reactive phosphate rocks (PRs). The use of naturally occurring low-molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) that are present in OMW represents a new perspective in PR research and a possible solution for the recycling of the OMW. The present work was aimed at evaluating, under natural situations (field of olive trees), the effects of agronomic application of OMW (amounts applied: 30, 60 m(3) ha(-1)) with PR (amounts applied: 150 kg ha(-1)) on olive trees soil properties. We measured organic C, nitrogen (N), extractable phosphorus (P), exchangeable calcium (Ca), and exchangeable potassium (K), as well as other properties (pH and electrical conductivity). Our data provide evidence that agronomic application of OMW with PR has important effects on soil properties. Increases in organic C, total N, extractable P and exchangeable potassium (K) were found after the first agronomic application of OMW and PR. These increases were only temporary, following the second agronomic application of OMW and PR, significant reductions were detected in the extractable soil P (19.67 mg kg(-1) in the control soil vs. 8.99 mg kg(-1) in the amended soil). Changes in the extractable soil P could alter plant productivity and plant community structure because shifts in nutriment availability can affect the balance between limiting and non-limiting nutrients.     

Radiocaesium accumulation in stemwood: integrated approach at the scale of forest stands for contaminated Scots pine in Belarus

Twenty years after the Chernobyl accident, root uptake from the surface layers of contaminated forest soils plays a major role in radiocaesium ((137)Cs) transfer to the trees and accumulation in perennial compartments, including stemwood. Trustworthy long-term predictions (modelling) of stemwood contamination with (137)Cs should accordingly be based on a reliable picture of this source-sink relationship. Considering the complexity of the processes involved in (137)Cs cycling in forest stands, elementary ratios like transfer factors (TF) were shown to be not very relevant for that purpose. At the tree level, alternatives like the wood immobilisation potential (WIP) have therefore been proposed in order to quantify the current net (137)Cs accumulation in stemwood. Our objective was here to compare WIP values determined for a series of contaminated forest stands in Belarus with the corresponding pools of (137)Cs available in the soil for root uptake. The comparison reveals that both indices are quite proportional, whatever the forest ecosystem features. This corroborates the relevancy of WIP as an indicator of the current (137)Cs root uptake by the trees, which could accordingly help to improve the existing models of (137)Cs cycling and the long-term management of contaminated forest ecosystems.     

施硅对白菜体内镉的分布及其吸收迁移的影响

在土壤外源镉污染下,施硅考察土培盆栽条件下白菜体内不同部位间镉的分布及其吸收迁移状况。试验表明,施硅显著降低白菜根、茎、叶中的镉含量和镉累积量,随土壤外源镉污染加剧,施硅抑制白菜各器官吸收累积镉的效果愈好,且不同硅水平处理间的差异亦渐趋显著。硅降低根的镉吸收系数,在土壤外源镉处理下,施硅降低镉的初级转移系数和次级转移系数以及地上部的镉转移系数,显著降低地上部的镉吸收系数;施硅增加白菜根、茎、叶中的硅含量和硅累积量,硅含量和硅累积量的分布为根>叶>茎和叶>茎>根,与镉含量和镉累积量的分布规律一致,白菜体内有可能形成硅-镉复合物以减轻镉的毒害。     

膜序批式反应器运行特性研究

膜生物反应器采取序批式运行方式,实验室人工配水,系统不排泥,运行220 d.结果表明,系统对COD、氨氮的去除率均在96%以上,细菌胞外多聚物(EPS)以蛋白质为主,污泥浓度达到10 g/L以上,污泥沉降性能得到改善时,跨膜压力(TMP)呈缓慢增长趋势,出现了相当数量的纤毛虫、轮虫等原后生动物.     

氮磷比对水华蓝藻优势形成的影响

通过批量培养实验研究了不同磷水平下N/P比对铜绿微囊藻(蓝藻)和斜生栅藻(绿藻)生长速率的影响,并在太湖蓝藻水华暴发期间,监测了梅梁湾和湖心区水体叶绿素a浓度和氮磷营养盐结构变化,以探讨N/P比对蓝藻优势形成的影响.结果表明, N/P比对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响并不表现在一个确定值上,而与水体氮磷的绝对浓度有关,在0.02mg/L磷浓度下,铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻在N/P比为4:1~32:1范围内生长速率均较低(0.067~0.074,0.018~0.022d-1),说明受到营养盐的限制;当磷浓度达到0.20mg/L时, 铜绿微囊藻在N/P比为32:1时生长速率达到最大值(0.240d-1),斜生栅藻在N/P比为64:1时生长速率达到最大值(0.380 d-1);而在磷浓度升高到2.00mg/L时,不同N/P比下铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻均达到最大生长速率(0.24~0.25, 0.378~0.381d-1),说明氮磷浓度均比较充足,N/P比对生长速率已经没影响.可见,氮磷浓度比N/P比对两种藻的生长影响更大.与斜生栅藻相比,铜绿微囊藻对氮磷营养的生理需求和最大生长速率均相对较低,属K策略物种,易在低氮磷浓度下形成优势.梅梁湾在水华暴发期间氮浓度一直远低于水华较轻的湖心区,而磷浓度远高于湖心区,进而导致梅梁湾N/P质量比(低于20:1)在水华期间一直低于湖心区(124:1),低N/P比是蓝藻水华暴发导致氮浓度下降,磷浓度升高的结果.     

假单胞菌P12对菲的降解

从武汉石油化工厂的活性污泥中,分离到一株可以以菲为唯一碳源和能源的假单胞菌P_(12)该菌经靛蓝产生法测定有双加氧酶,在菲无机盐培养基中生长时,有3-菲酚物质积累,经检测有一条质粒带。用丝裂霉素C消除质粒后的菌落,失去了降解菲的能力,说明P_(12)对菲的降解功能是由质粒控制的。     

鄱阳湖流域面源污染负荷模拟与氮和磷时空分布特征

基于气象、土壤、土地利用、数字高程模型和农业管理等数据基础上,对输入鄱阳湖赣江、抚河、信江、饶河、修水等"五河"上的7个水文站的径流、泥沙和面源氮(N)和磷(P)污染负荷进行参数的敏感性分析,利用实测数据对参数校准和验证,通过SWAT模型对2003—2012年十年间入湖的径流、泥沙和面源N、P污染负荷进行了模拟.2003—2012年面源总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、硝氮(NO-3-N)、有机氮(ON)和有机磷(OP)面源污染负荷入湖特征呈现出:时间变化上,年际间变化大、年内集中在4—7月入湖,鄱阳湖N、P污染负荷主要来自于面源污染,入湖面源TN组份中NO-3-N所占比重较高,TP组份中OP所占比重较高的特征;空间分布上,"五河"中赣江流量和流域面积最大,流域各项面源N、P污染物入湖量最大;修水流量和流域面积最小,流域各项面源N、P污染物入湖量最小的特征.