Phosphorus Losses to Water from Lowland Rice Fields under Rice–Wheat Double Cropping System in the Tai Lake Region

To assess P losses to surface water by runoff during the rice season and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season, serial field trials were conducted in different types of paddy soils in the Tai Lake Region (TLR) during 2000 and 2001. Four P application rates were set as 0 (CK), 30, 150, and 300 kg P/hm² for flooded rice trials and 0 (CK), 20, 80, 160 kg P/hm² for winter wheat trials respectively. Field experiments were done in two locations with a plot size of 30 m² and four replications in a randomized complete block design. A simplified lysimeter was installed for each plot to collect all the runoff or drainage flow from each event. Total P (TP) losses to surface water during rice season by runoff flow from four treatments were 150 (CK), 220 (T30), 395 (T150), 670 (T300) g P/hm² in year 2000, and 298, 440, 1828, 3744 g P/hm² in year 2001 respectively in Wuxi station, here the soil is permeable paddy soil derived from loam clay deposit. While the losses were 102, 140, 210, 270 in year 2000, and 128, 165, 359, 589 g P/hm² in year 2001 respectively in Changshu station, here the soil is waterlogged paddy soil derived from silt loam deposit. During the winter wheat season, total P lost from the fields by drainage flow in the four treatments were 253 (CK), 382 (T20), 580 (T89), 818 (T160) g P/hm² in year 2000–2001, and 573.3, 709.4, 1123.2, 1552.4 g P/hm² in year 2001–2002 at the Wuxi station. While these were 395.6, 539.1, 1356.8, 1972.1 g P/hm² in year 2000–2001, and 811.5, 1184.6, 3001.2, 5333.1 g P/hm² in year 2001–2002 at the Changshu station. Results revealed that P fertilizer application rates significantly affected the TP concentrations and TP loads in runoff during the rice season, and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season. Both TP loads were significantly increased as the P application rate increases. The data indicate that TP losses to surface water were much higher during the winter wheat season than during the rice season in two tested sites. The data also reveal that the annual precipitation and evaporation rate affected the soil P losses to surface water significantly. Year 2000 was relatively dried with higher evaporation thus P losses to water by both runoff and drainage flow were less than in year 2001 which was a relatively wet year with lower evaporation. Results indicate that texture, structure of the soil profile, and field construction (with or without ridge and deep drains) affected soil P losses to surface water dramatically. Annual possible TP lost to water at the application rate of 50 kg P/hm² year tested in TLR were estimated from 97 to 185 tones P from permeable paddy soils and 109–218 tones P from waterlogged paddy soils. There was no significant difference of TP lost between the CK and the T50 treatments in both stations, which indicate that there is no more TP lost in field of normal P fertilizer application rate than in control field of no P fertilized. Much higher TP lost in runoff or drainage flow from those other P application rates treatments than from the T50 treatment, which suggest that P losses to surface water would be greatly increasing in the time when higher available P accumulation in plough layer soil in this region.     

Effect of N and P addition on soil organic C potential mineralization in forest soils in South China

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition is at a high level in some forests of South China. The effects of addition of exogenous N and P on soil organic carbon mineralization were studied to address: (1) if the atmospheric N deposition promotes soil C storage through decreasing mineralization; (2) if the soil available P is a limitation to organic carbon mineralization. Soils (0-10 cm) was sampled from monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest (MEBF), coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest (CBMF), and Pinus massoniana...     

滇池宝象河流域氮磷流失空间格局解析

有效控制氮磷流失量是水质持续改善的关键因素,定量解析流域氮磷流失量对于氮磷污染精准控制至关重要.宝象河作为滇池流域最主要的入湖河流之一,对滇池水质的影响极为重要.该研究基于第二次全国污染源普查数据,建立了宝象河流域高分辨率的氮磷排放清单,通过构建宝象河LODEST模型估算流域氮磷非点源污染入河系数,并对宝象河流域的氮磷流失量及其空间格局进行解析.结果表明:①2018年宝象河流域TN和TP的排放量分别为1 456.92、191.16 t,流域内种植业非点源是最大的污染源,其次是城镇生活点源和未收集点源.②2018年宝象河干海子断面TN和TP的径流通量分别为270.49和11.19 t,非点源入河系数分别为0.297和0.048.③2018年宝象河流域TN和TP流失量分别为432.28和18.57 t,氮磷流失空间格局呈显著的空间异质性,流域内TN和TP流失强度总体呈外高内低的分布,农业污染为主的子流域氮磷流失最为严重.该研究提出的氮磷流失量估算方法较好地揭示了流域氮磷流失空间分布规律,论证了降雨和地形的不均匀性是造成流域氮磷流失量呈显著空间异质性的重要因素.研究成果可为滇池流域入湖污染负荷控制与削减工程提供重要的科学依据,同时能够为宝象河流域水环境的精准控污和精细管理提供有效的决策支撑.      

g-C3N4-P25/光合细菌复合材料降解偶氮染料废水的机理

采用海藻酸钙将g-C3N4-P25和光合细菌进行共固定,合成了光催化-微生物复合材料,并进行了降解模拟偶氮染料废水的研究.结果表明,光催化-微生物复合材料的染料(活性艳红X-3B)脱色率和COD去除率分别为94%和84.7%,远远大于固定光催化剂与固定光合细菌.利用UV-Vis、FT-IR及GC-MS对反应残留物进行表征,根据结果可推测:由光催化产生的自由基和光合细菌共同破坏X-3B的偶氮结构,生成的苯胺类化合物经过一系列的水解、氧化还原作用生成多种具有苯环结构的化合物,然后自由基破坏苯环结构产生长链烷烃,减少芳香烃化合物的累积对光合细菌活性的影响.光合细菌及时利用光催化生成的长链烷烃,产生分子量较小的物质,最后矿化为CO2和H2O.     

生物滞留对城市地表径流磷的去除途径

根据武汉城市地表径流水文变化以及磷污染特征,通过1 a模拟运行监测,研究了生物滞留种植植物(狼尾草)、设置饱和带对城市地表径流溶解性磷(PO3-4-P)去除的影响及去除途径.结果表明,生物滞留采用75%河砂与25%当地黄棕壤混合基质,对地表径流PO3-4-P的平均去除率可达到90%以上.生物滞留种植狼尾草可显著降低出水PO3-4-P浓度.生物滞留设置饱和带可进一步提高对PO3-4-P的去除,不影响出水TP浓度.生物滞留通过基质吸附去除地表径流中的磷,表现为0~22.5 cm基质剖面中植物有效磷的增加,约占试验期间进水磷负荷的50%.从生物滞留系统磷输入(进水)与输出(出水与植物地上部分)角度分析,种植狼尾草一个生长周期地上部分吸收的磷可占进水磷负荷57.1%~76.1%,定期收割植物地上部分可作为城市地表径流磷可持续管理的主要途径.     

添加剂对蜈蚣草燃烧过程中砷迁移规律的影响

蜈蚣草是砷（As）的超富集植物,为了研究CaO、MgO以及白云石对蜈蚣草燃烧过程中砷迁移规律和赋存形态的影响,利用管式炉装置进行了一系列的实验,结果表明：3种添加剂在400~700℃温度区间固砷效果明显,MgO的固砷效果最佳、CaO其次、白云石最差.CaO和MgO的最佳固砷温度为500℃,最佳固砷效率分别为17%和14%;白云石的最佳固砷温度为700℃,最佳固砷效率为10%.燃烧温度在400~500℃时,掺混添加剂会使底灰中可溶砷的比例提高约5%,这是由于温度较低时,这3种添加剂主要是通过物理吸附对砷进行固定;而当温度超过800℃时,底灰中可溶砷的比例降低约10%,这是由于添加剂影响了底灰对砷的自固定,减少了可溶性砷化合物的形成.当温度低于700℃时,掺混添加剂会使底灰中出现少量As³⁺.     

絮凝剂P(AM-DMC)对活性艳红K-2BP的脱色作用

絮凝剂P(AM-DMC)对染料活性艳红K-2BP具有很好的脱色及去除CODCr性能,脱色率和CODCr去除率分别为97.18%、75.7%。脱色效果受絮凝剂用量、电荷密度、特性粘度、外加盐浓度及溶液pH值影响。红外光谱、可见吸收光谱及电荷量分析表明,P(AM-DMC)对活性艳红K-2BP的絮凝脱色过程中电荷中和起着重要作用,絮凝剂分子中的—N+(CH3)结构与染料分子中的-SO3-发生化学反应,同时也有分子间氢键形成,从而使水中染料分子聚集沉降。     

三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统对氮磷的净化效率

选取面积为1600m^2的小叶章（Deyeuxia angustifolia）湿地进行小区域模拟试验。试验设割草区、1倍浓度区、静态对照区和2倍浓度区4个处理，研究N、P输入浓度，割草和输出径流对三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统净化N、P污染物的影响。结果表明，在小叶章生长期和成熟期，湿地生态系统对N、P保持较稳定的净化，N、P平均去除率分别为85．62％和85．94％。湿地水体中TN和NH4^＋-N的累积浓度显著相关。输入浓度、割草和输出径流都影响着湿地生态系统对N、P的净化和N、P在系统内的分配。输入浓度增大时，N、P去除率明显降低；割草会降低N去除率，但对P去除率影响不大；少量输出径流对N、P去除影响不大。三江平原小叶章湿地生态系统对输入的N、P具有显著净化作用，总净化率可达97．97％和99．05％。     

九龙江流域规模化养殖环境风险评价

在GIS支持下采用养分收支平衡法对九龙江流域规模化生猪养殖的环境风险进行评价。规模化养殖污染负荷在不同类型养殖场的分配、空间分布规律以及规模化养殖的环境风险评价结果表明：规模化养猪业年产粪尿量达107万t，以小型规模化养殖场产生的污染负荷最高；整体来看，规模化生猪养殖的环境风险不大，但由于养殖场的地理分布集中，造成近郊区域规模化养殖的环境风险极高；由于过多施用化肥，中远郊规模化养殖粪尿未得到合理利用而流失。位于水系附近的养殖场对水体影响较大，根据“福建省畜禽养殖污染防治管理办法”，为减少规模化生猪养殖对九龙江水质的直接威胁，需搬迁主要支流沿岸1km范围内的规模化养猪场250个。