北京地区大气颗粒物中硝基多环芳烃与多环芳烃的研究

提出了一套包括提取、还原、分离及同时测定硝基多环芳烃及多环芳烃的分析方法.通过对北京几个不同功能区所采样品的分析及Ames短期生物实验,进一步肯定北京大气颗粒物中不仅含有致突变物和致癌物多环芳烃,还含有直接致突变物硝基多环芳烃,这两类化合物在大气颗粒物中的含量均呈现“冬高夏低’的规律,它们在商业区,居民区的污染更为严重.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from clinical waste incineration

Since the introduction of the Environmental Protection Act in the UK, there are few reports of PAH emissions from clinical waste incinerators (CWIs) operating to improved performance standards. The main aim of this study is to determine PAH emissions from a state-of-the-art CWI focusing on the effects of reactive gases and operating variables on emissions. This was carried out by collection of stack samples over three phases of operation.

At stack conditions, most PAHs are predicted to be in the vapour phase. Reactive losses of PAHs were closely correlated by rank with expected reactivities from laboratory studies. Estimates of emissions incorporating sampling losses were derived, although no correlation was found between PAH losses and the modest levels of reactive stack gases. PAH concentrations were one to two orders of magnitude lower than earlier reports from incinerators without effective air pollution control equipment (APCE). The low levels of carbon monoxide recorded were not correlated with any PAHs.

This study demonstrates the impact of efficient combustion conditions and APCE on PAH emissions from a CWI.     

沉积物中2株多环芳烃降解菌的分离鉴定及其对菲、荧蒽的降解特性

从长江重庆主城段近岸表层沉积物中,分离出2株能以菲和荧蒽为碳源和能源生长的菌株(命名为CJ1、CJ2),经鉴定分别为黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium sp.)和克雷伯氏杆菌属(Klebsiella sp.)。进行了菲和荧蒽在初始浓度为20~200 mg/L条件下的生长代谢过程与降解动力学分析。结果表明,CJ1对菲和荧蒽的降解效能总体优于CJ2。15 d时CJ1和CJ2对菲的降解率最高分别为74.3%和70.3%;30 d时CJ1和CJ2对荧蒽的降解率最高分别为58.2%和49.9%。初始浓度为200 mg/L时,两菌株对菲、荧蒽的降解受到一定程度抑制。     

邯郸市可吸入颗粒物上多环芳烃来源识别和解析

环境空气中多环芳烃的来源包括自然源和人为源,本文根据化学质量平衡（CMB）受体模型对邯郸市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃进行源解析,测定邯郸市非采暖季和采暖季可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃的浓度,对其污染水平进行比较分析。根据污染源调查结果,确定市区多环芳烃的主要排放源类,并建立相应的源成分谱。应用化学质量平衡受体模型解析邯郸市可吸入颗粒物上多环芳烃主要来源的分担率,并根据分析结果针对性提出了多环芳烃污染防治对策。     

大气中多环芳烃的来源及采样方式的研究

本文对大气中多环芳烃的来源进行了调查的基础上,对燃源,交通源,等采产方式进行了综述,评价了各种采样方式的优缺点,从而造反我环芳烃污染源解析的采样方式。     

Hepatic and immune biological effect assays in C57BL/6 mice to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioavailability under laboratory exposures with increasing environmental relevance

Background Monitoring biological responses that are mediated via the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in animals exposed to environmental contaminants can indicate both the presence to chemicals that act through this biochemical pathway and whether these chemicals are bioavailable. Objectives The use of an ex-situ method that incorporated biological responsiveness monitoring in mice for determining the presence of ‘biologically active’ hydrocarbons in contaminated soils was investigated. Methods The use of C57BL/6 as a test organism was validated by determining hepatic and immune responsiveness to two polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): 3,4 benz[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and 1,2 benz (a)anthracene (BA) administered via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. The responsiveness of mice exposed to soils spiked with hydrocarbons or ex situ exposures to soil removed from two contaminated sites was also investigated. Results and Discussion Mice that were exposed to B[a]P via i.p. injections showed a 14-fold increase in liver microsomal ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity compared to the control group. In contrast EROD activity following BA exposure at the same level was not significantly enhanced. Mouse immune response was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by i.p. injections of B[a]P. No significant inhibition occurred with the same doses of BA. Following i.p. exposure, the retention of B[a]P in mouse carcasses was greater than BA. Mice exposed to clean soils spiked with environmentally relevant concentrations of B[a]P and BA failed to show any significantly different hepatic or immune responses. Carcass residue data indicated a limited uptake of PAH from the soil. In contrast, EROD activity in mice exposed (ex situ) to hydrocarbon-contaminated soils removed from a fuel-loading depot and decommissioned gas works was significantly enhanced (4- and 2-fold respectively). However, this increase in EROD activity did not appear to correlate with either soil or carcass PAH concentrations. Conclusions and Outlook These results support the assumption that B[a]P has a higher affinity for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) compared to BA. Soil parameters such as organic carbon content, structure and particle size distribution can modulate the bioavailability of contaminants to biological receptors. These factors are implicated in the lack of responsiveness demonstrated in the spiked soil experiments. However the responsiveness of EROD activity in mice exposed (ex situ) to soil contaminated with complex mixtures of hydrocarbon compounds confirms the potential usefulness of this model to determine the presence of ‘biologically active’ compounds in aged soils removed from contaminated sites.     

硝化细菌AOB与NOB衰减速率实验测定

污水生物处理过程中由于硝化反应分两步进行,因而对于硝化细菌的衰减速率也应该分别测定.通过实验测定了氨氮氧化细菌(AOB)和亚硝酸氮氧化细菌(NOB)在好氧饥饿状态下的衰减速率,实验结果显示,AOB和NOB具有不同的衰减特征.前者在衰减过程中其活性匀速下降,而后者的活性则是先迅速下降再平缓降低,通过对比分析还发现,SBR系统中AOB和NOB的衰减速率差异较大,而在常规活性污泥系统中AOB和NOB的衰减速率基本相当.     

DOC和CDPF对柴油公交车颗粒物组分影响

以一辆柴油公交车为试验样车,在重型底盘测功机上运行中国典型城市公交循环(CCBC),收集尾气颗粒物以分析柴油车安装不同后处理装置的颗粒物组分排放特性.结果表明,原机颗粒物总碳组分中元素碳(EC)比有机碳(OC)多,测得有机组分中,脂肪酸占60.9%,直链烷烃占32.4%,藿烷和PAHs较少.脂肪酸主要是C16:0,C18、C14和C18:1也较多,直链烷烃主要分布于C18~C24,C21H44和C22H46最多.PAHs质量排放以中小分子量为主,Pyr最多,FL和PA也较多,毒性则以中高分子量为主,Ba P毒性最强,B(b+k)F、Ba A以及Icd P也是主要毒性组分.DOC后PAHs总毒性降低2.7%,不同CDPF后总毒性进一步降低89.6%~93.8%.DOC和CDPF对总碳组分的减排率分别为18.9%和70.5%~72.5%,但对不同组分的减排效果差别较大,不同贵金属负载量的CDPF对各组分减排效果无明显影响.     

鞍山市环境空气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染状况分析

采用高效液相色谱测定了鞍山市环境空气中总悬浮颗粒物及降尘中的多环芳烃的污染状况，掌握了鞍山市环境空气颗粒中多环芳烃的污染分布规律，为环境治理和环境规划提供了科学的依据。     

Analytical Investigations on a Releasing Agent Application in Aluminium Diecasting (6 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope Releasing agents, applied in the aluminium diecasting process, usually consist of water, oils, waxes, polysiloxanes, as well as of a set of additives like emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, and biocides. During spray application and part release, gases and aerosols are emitted into workplace air. The chemical compositions of these emissions are determined by the components of the releasing agents and their reaction products formed during thermal stress of more than 700 °C. In the frame of the joint project, the analytical tasks were to develop an appropriate sampling strategy for this production environment, to draw conclusions about the occurrence of hazardous chemicals from production plant studies and from laboratory-scale thermolysis experiments, and to determine the biodegradability of customary releasing agents. Methods During realistic test production, active air sampling was performed in a production hall using different adsorption materials. Cotton fabric sheets were positioned in the production area as passive samplers. Thermolysis experiments were performed at 600 °C with sealed quartz ampoules. The biodegradability of different releasing agents was determined according to German industry standard DIN 51828 (2000). For analyses, GC/MS (headspace), FTIR, HPLC, IC, and ICP-OES techniques were applied. Results and Discussion The substance spectrum, which was found in workplace air, was dominated by saturated and non-saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Besides these, alcohols, alkyl phenols, xylenes and other benzene derivatives, aldehydes, glycols, carboxylic acid esters, and amides were present. The German limiting value of 40 mg/m3 of complex hydrocarbon mixtures in a diecasting workplace atmosphere was clearly under-run. Total hydrocarbon contents ranged between 2.7 and 6.3 mg/m3. Five different PAH were found in the air close to the diecasting machine, with maximum concentrations between 0.05 and 3.06 μg/m3. Concentrations of nonylphenols ranged from 10 to 200 μg/m3, and those of triethanolamine from 20 to 30 μg/m3. From 17 elements analyzed, only B, Fe, P, S, Si, and Ti were emitted in small amounts. It was striking that the PAH patterns resulting from thermolysis experiments were quite the same compared to those determined during the diecasting process. An influence of water and of Fe/Al on the composition of the thermolysis products could mostly be shown. The degrees of biodegradation of three releasing agent extracts after 21 days were 21%, 29%, and 55%, respectively. Conclusion A sampling strategy was developed, which allows an emission assessment for the industrial process of aluminium diecasting. It enabled one to control limiting values, to characterise a wide variety of compounds emitted, and to identify and quantify relevant pollutants. Only a few hazardous substances could be detected during the exemplary use of one releasing agent within the compounds emitted into workplace air. Indications were found, that the prediction of the formation of harmful substances from releasing agent components should be possible via thermolysis experiments. The biodegradability test can serve to assess the expenditure of disposal of the usual leakage run-off of excess agent during production. Recommendation and Outlook Investigations on further differently composed releasing agents, e.g. powders, would be desirable. A substitution of nonylphenol ethoxylates by less harmful components would surely be an improvement of a releasing agent with regard to work safety and health care, because of avoiding the emission of toxic and endocrine active nonylphenols. The surprisingly wide range of biodegradability of the investigated releasing agents points to an optimization potential, that has obviously not yet been considered.