基于动态质量平衡的室内颗粒物沉降规律研究

目前室内颗粒物污染问题已经受到广泛关注.越来越多的流行病学研究表明,大气悬浮颗粒物浓度对人体健康存在显著的负影响.由于个人在室内滞留的时间可能超过全天时间的90％,因此剖析室外颗粒物向室内的传输渗透机理,对掌握室内微环境下的颗粒浓度水平至关重要.本实验以青岛一办公室为研究对象,使用具有4个尺寸间隔的光学计数器同时测量室内和室外的颗粒物浓度,粒径分布范围在0.3~2.5μm,采集时间为2016年4月~9月.根据实验数据,采用基于时间的动态质量平衡模型,估算了换气次数在0.03~0.25h^-1范围内的室内颗粒物渗透率和沉降速率分别为0.45~0.82h^-1和0.94~2.82m/h,并分析了这些参数随粒径大小的变化规律.其结论为进一步研究颗粒物在室内的传输机理和运动轨迹提供参数.     

聚酰肼接枝改性活性炭除甲醛材料的制备及其影响因素

为解决甲醛污染问题,开展了多胺高分子接枝活性炭环境材料制备研究.采用质量比为1:1的硫酸和硝酸的混合液对活性炭表面改性,再以DCC（N,N-二环己基碳二亚胺）为胺化反应的缩水剂,通过PAH（聚酰肼）和活性炭缩聚反应制备了除甲醛材料ACm-g-PAH（聚酰肼接枝改性活性炭）,通过单因素试验探讨了影响ACm-g-PAH除甲醛的因素,再由正交试验得出ACm-g-PAH制备的最佳工艺为活化温度为90℃,w（DCC）为2.0%,c（PAH）为12 mmol/L.结果表明:在温度为10~50℃与相对湿度为45%~85%区间内,温度和相对湿度对甲醛去除率影响并不明显.吸附甲醛的ACm-g-PAH经弱酸还原再生技术处理后,再生5次的ACm-g-PAH对甲醛的去除率仍能达到初生材料的89.2%.FTIR（红外光谱）证明了在DCC存在下,聚酰肼高分子PAH与ACm（改性活性炭）表面羧基缩聚反应的事实.随着c（PAH）的增加,SEM（扫描电镜）显示活性炭孔内的PAH呈堆积的现象;TG（热重分析）图谱的测试结果表明,ACm-g-PAH的降解温度在330~420℃之间.研究显示,ACm-g-PAH对甲醛的去除率最高为99.4%.      

Isotopes, Wool, and Rangeland Monitoring: Let the Sheep Do the Sampling

3 and C₄ plant species consumed by animals. Sheep sample vegetation continuously throughout a year, and as their wool grows it integrates and stores information about their diet. In subtropical and tropical rangelands the majority of grass species are C₄. Since sheep prefer to graze, and their wool is an isotopic record of their diet, we now have the potential to develop a high resolution index to the availability of grass from a sheep's perspective. Isotopic analyses of wool suggest a new direction for monitoring grazing and for the reconstruction of past vegetation changes, which will make a significant contribution to traditional rangeland ecology and management. It is recommended that isotopic and other analyses of wool be further developed for use in rangeland monitoring programs to provide valuable feedback for land managers.     

Sex ratios,mating behavior and sexual size dimorphism of the northern water snake,Nerodia sipedon

Competition among males to mate is generally associated with male-biased size dimorphism. In this study we examine mating behavior in the northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon), a species in which males are much smaller than females despite substantial competition among males to mate. Competition among males was a consequence of a male-biased operational sex ratio due to slightly higher female mortality from a birth sex ratio of 1 : 1, and, in 1 year, more synchronous and longer mating activity by males. Approximately one-third of both males and females appeared not to mate in a given year. Larger males were generally more likely to attempt mating, but size did not explain the variance in the number of aggregations in which individual males participated. Within aggregations, males that were successful at achieving intromission were larger than unsuccessful males in 1 of 2 years. Variation in condition (mass relative to length) and relative tail length were not generally useful predictors of either mating effort or success in males. Because large size was often advantageous to males, sexual size dimorphism appeared not to be a consequence of sexual selection favoring smaller males. Because sexual dimorphism was evident at birth, and both males and females matured sexually at about 4 years, sexual dimorphism was not simply a consequence of one sex growing at the maximum rate for longer. Female fecundity increased with size, and sex differences in size-fecundity relations may underly the pattern of sexual size dimorphism. However, because multiple mating by females is common, sperm competition is likely to be important in determining male reproductive success. Therefore, allocation of energy to sperm rather than growth may also prove to be an important influence on male growth rates and sexual size dimorphism.     

室内空气中多环芳烃污染的测量和特征性研究

本文就室内空气中多环芳烃典型污染源－室内燃煤和室内吸烟排放的多环芳烃组成和含量进行了测定，并同室外大气（对照）中多环芳烃组成含量进行了对比，研究了室内环境不同污染源排放多环烃组成和含量的特征性，结果表明，室内燃煤污染同燃煤型室外大气源排放多环芳烃具有相似组成含量特征，而室朵烟草烟雾污染源的多环芳烃组成含量特征，则与室外煤型和交通型均有显著区别。     

生物壳体Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca、~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值在恢复古气候、古环境中的应用——以小渡口剖面为例

生物壳体的Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca比值能反映其沉积水体的Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca比值 ,在一定条件下反映水体的盐度、温度 ,并分别与宿生水体的盐度、温度呈正比关系。生物壳体的87Sr/ 86Sr比值是恢复盆地古水文条件的一种重要手段。本文以著名的泥河湾盆地小渡口剖面的第 2 8层为实例 ,力图通过对有孔虫、介形虫、腹足类生物壳体Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca比值与87Sr/ 86Sr比值的对比研究 ,并结合前人所作的中更新世古地理特征研究 ,来恢复生物壳体沉积时泥河湾古湖水的温度、盐度 ,进而进行古气候、古环境的恢复。研究结果表明 :在 0 .97～ 0 .94Ma间 ,古泥河湾湖为一陆相湖泊 ,湖水的温度、盐度变化趋势相吻合 ,均呈低—高—低的演化特征 ,可能对应着盆地水体的扩展—退缩—扩展变化。其中 ,在 0 .96～ 0 .95Ma间 ,古泥河湾湖具有较高的温度、盐度特征。     

高效液相色谱测定烟尘中的多环芳烃

本文详细介绍了用高效液相色谱测定烟炱中的多环芳烃的方法和前处理，及有关色谱条件的选择等因素。并对环境中实际样品进行了测定，得到满意的结果。     

SMOKE CONCENTRATION AS AN INDICATOR OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS LEVELS IN THE AIR

The relationship of polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAH) and smoke concentrationwas analysed at four different locations in Zagreb during theheating season. At two sampling sitessmoke pollution came primarily from domestic heating while theother two sites were under a directinfluence of traffic. At locations away from trafficcorrelations between smoke and PAH concentrationswere stochastically significant at 0.01 level. Takingbenzo-a-pyrene (BaP) as a PAH representative itwas shown that for these two locations the smoke/BaPrelationship can be presented with a singleregression line which can serve for rough assessment of BaPlevels in the air. The BaP concentrationof 10 ng/m³ – proposed by the German FederalEnvironmental Agency as orientation < mark (Lahman et al., 1984) – might be expected to occurat smoke levels 60 g/m³,and above this level it is recommended to start measuringactual concentrations of PAH.     

Urban and rural transport of semivolatile organic compounds at regional scale: A multimedia model approach

Urban areas are generally regarded as major sources of some semivolatile organic compounds and other persistent organic pollutants(POPs) to the surrounding regions. Huge differences in contaminant emissions between urban and rural areas directly affect their fate in environmental media. Little is known about POPs behavior between urban and rural areas at a regional scale. A spatially resolved Berkeley-Trent-Urban-Rural Fate Model(BETR-UR) was designed by coupling land cover information to simulate the transport of POPs between urban and rural areas, and the Bohai Rim was used as a case study to estimate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon(PAH) fate. The processes of contaminant fate including emission, inter-compartmental transfer, advection and degradation in urban and rural areas were simulated in the model. Simulated PAH concentrations in environmental media of urban and rural areas were very close to measured values. The model accuracy was highly improved, with the average absolute relative error for PAH concentrations reduced from 37% to 3% compared with unimproved model results. PAH concentrations in urban soil and air were considerably higher than those in rural areas. Sensitivity analysis showed temperature was the most influential parameter for Phen rather than for Bap, whose fate was more influenced by emission rate, compartment dimension, transport velocity and chemical persistence. Uncertainty analysis indicated modeled results in urban media had higher uncertainty than those in rural areas due to larger variations of emissions in urban areas. The differences in urban and rural areas provided us with valuable guidance on policy setting for urban–rural POP control.     

南京大气气溶胶中多环芳烃源识别及污染评价

采用GC、GC-MS等方法,研究了南京市不同功能区夏、冬季大气气溶胶中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染状况和污染来源,并对不同功能区的PAHs进行了污染评价.结果表明,南京市各功能区气溶胶中PAHs总量在19.73～497.40ng/m³之间,且冬季高于夏季,细颗粒中含量高于粗颗粒.通过一些特征标志PAHs的比值,可判断夏季各功能区的PAHs污染主要来自于汽车尾气(主要是柴油型)的排放,冬季则为汽车尾气和燃煤污染.采用苯并(a)芘(BaP)及苯并(a)芘等效致癌浓度(BaPE)来评价5个功能区气溶胶中PAHs的污染状况,夏季除交通干道超过国家标准(BaP,10ng/m³),居民区细颗粒中略超过居民区标准(BaP,5ng/m³)外,空气质量良好.而冬季各功能区PAHs基本上均严重超标.