Function of anaerobic portion in a conventional sequencing batch reactor

The performance of SBRs treating two kinds of wastewater(synthetic wastewater containing polyvinyl alcohol and effluent from a coke-plant wastewater treatment system)was investigated in this study,in order to examine the exact function of anaerobic portion in a conventional SBR.The set up of 4-or 8-hour anaerobic mixing period in a SBR's cycle did not benefit for PVA degradation.While an anaerobic reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge could partly hydrolyse and acidify PVA into readily-degradable intermediates.During the anaerobic fill period of an SBR treating the effluent from a coke-plant wastewater treatment system,the organic concentration was reduced to certain extent due to the adsorption of activated sludge and dilution of the mixed liquor from the previous cycle.Parts of readily-degradable organics in the influent were utilised by denitrifiers as carbon source.The biomass in a conventional SBR was alternatively imposed to aerobic and anaerobic conditions in its operating cycle,the environmental conditions needed for anaerobic hydrolization and acidification of refractory organics could not occur in such an SBR.     

共生菌B1+B2聚乙烯醇降解酶活性优化研究

从PVA降解酶的角度对本实验室前期实验筛选到的共生菌B1 B2进行了研究.在考察共生菌的基本生长和酶活的关系以及PVA降解酶和氧化酶的关系后,研究了不同的营养条件对PVA降解酶活性的影响.通过对主要营养条件的单因素考察,设计正交实验,优化出影响PVA降解酶活性的最佳主要营养条件为酵母汁0.2gL-1、硝酸铵0.2gL-1、葡萄糖0.5gL-1.采用优化条件进行验证实验,PVA降解酶活性(1.61UmL-1)高于正交实验中的最高酶活(1.56UmL-1),研究结果对发酵生产PVA降解酶和提高该菌在PVA废水处理中的降解性能有一定的价值.图5表3参11     

节杆菌P-1和红球菌J-5降解PVA特性的比较研究

对节杆菌P-1和红球菌J-5降解聚乙烯醇(PVA)的特性进行了比较研究.结果表明,P-1菌在PVA浓度小于1000mgL-1时,PVA降解效率均达到80%以上;J-5菌在PVA浓度为2000mgL-1时,PVA降解效率达到70%.用生产废水进行试验,P-1菌对低浓度PVA废水的处理效率比J-5菌高10%左右;P-1菌受温度的影响小于J-5菌;P-1菌的废水处理效果比J-5菌稳定;分段使用J-5菌与P-1菌处理高浓度的PVA废水具有很好的处理效果,出水能达到国家排放标准.图7表1参9     

Using Scalar Models for Precautionary Assessments of Threatened Species

Abstract:  Scalar population models, commonly referred to as count-based models, are based on time-series data of population sizes and may be useful for screening-level ecological risk assessments when data for more complex models are not available. Appropriate use of such models for management purposes, however, requires understanding inherent biases that may exist in these models. Through a series of simulations, which compared predictions of risk of decline of scalar and matrix-based models, we examined whether discrepancies may arise from different dynamics displayed due to age structure and generation time. We also examined scalar and matrix-based population models of 18 real populations for potential patterns of bias in population viability estimates. In the simulation study, precautionary bias (i.e., overestimating risks of decline) of scalar models increased as a function of generation time. Models of real populations showed poor fit between scalar and matrix-based models, with scalar models predicting significantly higher risks of decline on average. The strength of this bias was not correlated with generation time, suggesting that additional sources of bias may be masking this relationship. Scalar models can be useful for screening-level assessments, which should in general be precautionary, but the potential shortfalls of these models should be considered before using them as a basis for management decisions.     

固定化微生物制备技术及生物脱氮研究

利用载体经干燥后机械强度得到提高的特性,建立一种低胶体浓度固定化微生物制备技术:包埋剂为5.5%PVA、0.45%SA,固定液为饱和硼酸与0.6%硫酸铝的混合液,包菌量为0.4g/mL包埋剂。小球硬化24 h后洗净并放入30℃鼓风干燥箱干燥3.5 h后备用。制备出的固定化微生物氨氧化速率为24.3 mg/(L·h),相对活性为77.7%。     

固定化Lysinibacilluscresolivorans的PVA-SA-PHB-AC复合载体制备及间甲酚的降解

针对生物降解过程容易受到外界不利环境影响及低浓度下动力学效率不高的问题,制备了具有吸附功能的微生物固定化载体并研究了对间甲酚的降解.在聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)固定化载体中加入海藻酸钠(sodium alginate,SA)、聚羟基丁酸酯(poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,PHB)和粉末活性炭(activated carbon,AC),采用循环冷冻-解冻结合硼酸法制备了具吸附功能的PVA-SA-PHB-AC复合载体,并用其包埋固定化1株间甲酚优势降解菌Lysinibacillus cresolivorans,考察了载体微观结构、稳定性及扩散性对固定化微生物降解间甲酚的影响.结果表明,PVA-SA-PHB-AC载体比表面积和平均孔径分别为15.30m2.g-1和33.68 nm,对间甲酚的吸附容量和扩散系数分别为3.86 mg.g-1和5.62×10-8m2.min-1,可稳定使用60 d以上;固定化L.cresolivorans的间甲酚去除为吸附-降解的耦合,去除速率由载体传质速率与微生物降解速率共同决定,间甲酚浓度低于350 mg.L-1时,载体传质速率小于微生物降解速率,间甲酚去除速率由传质速率决定,浓度高于380 mg.L-1时相反;添加了吸附剂的载体扩散系数会减小,但能耐受更高的底物浓度,且在更宽的浓度范围可以实现高效的降解作用.间甲酚的降解规律及其差异性显示出经吸附功能改性的载体因传质作用的加强而实现反应动力学的提高,并且存在一个合理的浓度区间.     

Reexamining the Minimum Viable Population Concept for Long‐Lived Species

For decades conservation biologists have proposed general rules of thumb for minimum viable population size (MVP); typically, they range from hundreds to thousands of individuals. These rules have shifted conservation resources away from small and fragmented populations. We examined whether iteroparous, long‐lived species might constitute an exception to general MVP guidelines. On the basis of results from a 10‐year capture‐recapture study in eastern New York (U.S.A.), we developed a comprehensive demographic model for the globally threatened bog turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii), which is designated as endangered by the IUCN in 2011. We assessed population viability across a wide range of initial abundances and carrying capacities. Not accounting for inbreeding, our results suggest that bog turtle colonies with as few as 15 breeding females have >90% probability of persisting for >100 years, provided vital rates and environmental variance remain at currently estimated levels. On the basis of our results, we suggest that MVP thresholds may be 1–2 orders of magnitude too high for many long‐lived organisms. Consequently, protection of small and fragmented populations may constitute a viable conservation option for such species, especially in a regional or metapopulation context. Reexaminando el Concepto de Población Mínima Viable para Especies Longevas Resumen     

PVA/ZnONPs活细胞固定化载体的构建及喹啉生物降解特性试验研究

利用ZnO纳米颗粒(ZnONPs)修饰聚乙烯醇(PVA)制备活细胞固定化载体,并将喹啉降解菌Ochrobactrum sp.LC-1固定。X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析结果表明,ZnONPs均匀地分布在PVA内部孔隙表面,强化了对细菌及喹啉的吸附效果,且载体内部有大量孔隙支持细菌生长。喹啉生物降解结果表明,固定化细胞喹啉氧化还原酶(Qor)活性是游离细胞的1.7倍,喹啉降解能力大大增强。固定化细胞经驯化后,在喹啉起始质量浓度500 mg/L的条件下,10 h后,固定化细胞喹啉降解率为99.8%,远高于游离细胞的43.2%。当喹啉质量浓度为600~800 mg/L时,固定化细胞对喹啉的降解率可稳定在95%以上,固定化细胞重复利用30次后,喹啉降解率仍维持在94.9%以上,表现出良好的机械耐受强度,可应用于实际生产。     

氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮在PVA凝胶膜中的扩散性能

用冷冻-解冻法制备PVA凝胶膜,测定了氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮在PVA凝胶膜中的扩散系数,考察了成膜条件和细胞密度对扩散系数的影响.结果表明,扩散系数随冷冻-解冻次数、PVA溶液的浓度及细胞密度的增大而减小. 氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮在15% PVA的空白膜中的扩散系数分别为0.69×10^-9 m²/s, 0.52×10^-9m²/s和0.56×10^-9 m²/s; 在细胞浓度为60g/L的PVA膜中的扩散系数分别为0.55×10^-9 m²/s, 0.46×10^-9 m²/s和0.45×10^-9 m²/s.     

Biodegradation by Composting of Surface Modified Starch and PVA Blended Films

Several starch/PVA/glycerol polymer blends were prepared by a solution casting technique and examined for biodegradation by composting over 45 days. Within this time frame, the starch and glycerol components were fully degraded, leaving the PVA component essentially intact. The lowest PVA content film (20%) was selected as a polymer with enough PVA to impart important physical characteristics, but also enough starch to be considered biodegradable. The film characteristics were further improved by surface modification with chitosan. This modification did not interfere with the biodegradation of the starch component. Furthermore, there was slight evidence that PVA biodegradation had been initiated in composted, surface modified starch/PVA blends.