Using multistate mark-recapture methods to model adult salmonid migration in an industrialized river

A multistate mark-recapture (MSMR) model of the adult salmonid migration through the lower Columbia River and into the Snake River was developed, designed for radiotelemetry detections at dams and tributary mouths. The model focuses on upstream-directed travel, with states determined from observed fish movement patterns indicating directed upstream travel, downstream travel (fallback), and use of non-natal tributaries. The model was used to analyze telemetry data from 846 migrating adult spring-summer Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) tagged in 1996 at Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. We used the model to test competing hypotheses regarding delayed effects of fallback at dams and visits to tributaries, and to define and estimate migration summary measures. Tagged fish had an average probability of 0.755 () of ending migration at a tributary or upstream of Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River, and a probability of 0.245 () of unaccountable loss (i.e., mortality or mainstem spawning) between the release site downstream of Bonneville Dam and Lower Granite Dam. The highest probability of unaccountable loss (0.092; ) was in the reach between Bonneville Dam and The Dalles Dam. Study fish used the tributaries primarily as exits from the hydrosystem, and visits to non-natal tributaries had no significant effect on subsequent movement upriver (P = 0.4245). However, fallback behavior had a small effect on subsequent tributary entry and exit (P = 0.0530), with fish using tributaries as resting areas after reascending Bonneville Dam after fallback. The spatial MSMR model developed here can be adapted to address additional questions about the interaction of migrating organisms with their environment, or for the study of migrations in other river systems.     

Accounting for the mismanagement of tropical nearshore fisheries

The underlying reason for the mismanagement of tropical nearshore fisheries is the implementation of policies and programs based on Western models and approaches, coupled with an inability and/or unwillingness to consider non-Western alternatives of empirically proven value. Such attitudes are embedded in donor and development agency behavior, and are demonstrated by the temperate bias in conventional approaches to fisheries education and management, with a corresponding lack of understanding of tropical milieux, and in the persistence of various prejudices. Adaptive Management, The Ecosystem Approach, Local Knowledge, and Protected Areas are discussed from the perspectives of Western models and pre-existing Pacific Island systems as alternative models. Given the parlous condition of the global environment and resources, the best non-Western pre-existing models and Western approaches must be blended to provide sustainable solutions.

北太平洋地区春季粉尘的空间分布特征——观测及模拟

通过对2001年4月的一次中亚强沙尘暴过程的观测事实分析和数值模拟,结果表明,源自中亚的强沙尘暴扬起的粉尘,通过西风急流远程传输到韩国、日本、北太平洋、北美大陆.北太平洋地区的沙尘沉积通量空间分布将主要取决于3个方面:沙尘沉积通量随传输距离的增加呈指数衰减;传输路径上粉尘有较高的沉降通量;沙尘过境时的降水空间格局将在很大程度上决定粉尘的沉降空间格局.     

北太平洋柔鱼渔场时空分布与海洋环境要素的研究

根据2010 年7~9月和2011年7~10月“舟渔1301#” 2个航次的北太平洋柔鱼渔场海上调查资料,利用渔获生产数据?海况天气数据以及同期的卫星遥感获取的海表面温度(SST) ?海表盐度(SSS)及叶绿素a (Chl-a)浓度和海流等数据,分析柔鱼的中心渔场分布与海洋环境的变动关系.研究结果显示:整个调查期间渔获频次在SST和Chl-a因子上均呈正态分布,渔场高产的最适SST范围为18~20℃, 最适SSS范围为33.60‰~34.80‰, 最适Chl-a浓度范围为0.08~0.24mg/m3,其中SST与柔鱼渔场之间有较好的匹配关系,中心渔场通常位于18~20℃的等温线附近,且位置一般出现在冷水团和暖水团交汇区的冷水团一侧;中心渔场位于亲潮和黑潮交汇混合区的向北一侧,离交汇地带的距离较近,而且随着时间的推移,渔汛期间中心渔场的位置逐步往其向西北方向移动.总体上多个环境因子皆可作为确定潜在中心渔场的指标,但以海表水温为最佳,另外辅助寒?暖流的交汇情况以及Chl-a浓度?天气海况等因素来综合分析,判断渔场的中心位置会更准确.     

石油污染对牡蛎超显微结构毒性效应的研究

采用电子显微镜观察石油污染对牡蛎生殖腺和肝胰腺组织细胞的毒性作用。结果显示,石油污染对牡蛎具有明显的慢性毒害作用,50 mg／L浓度组,实验10 d的牡蛎,其组织细胞受石油污染不明显;当实验时间为30 d时,出现明显的毒性效应,细胞核核膜肿胀,染色质聚集并边际化,细胞核崩解,细胞坏死,组织萎缩,线粒体的变化较其他细胞器对石油污染较敏感,受损坏的程度较重。     

2003年夏秋季大气环流异常对西北地区降水的影响

根据2003年6～10月西北地区118站逐日降水资料,对该地区、该时段的大气环流及其对该地区降水的影响进行了分析研究.     

西太平洋添加营养盐培养实验中挥发性卤代烃含量动态变化

于2018年10月9日~11月1日采集西太平洋表层海水，通过营养盐添加船基培养实验，研究了不同营养盐条件下浮游植物的生长及其释放挥发性卤代烃（VHCs）含量的动态变化规律.结果表明，与对照组相比，氮磷营养盐的添加对叶绿素a（Chl-a）的含量和三氯乙烯（C₂HCl₃），四氯乙烯（C₂Cl₄），一氯二溴甲烷（CHBr₂Cl），三溴甲烷（CHBr₃）的释放量表现出显著促进作用，但促进程度与添加氮磷营养盐的浓度及比值密切相关.高浓度氮更有利于浮游植物的生长及C₂HCl₃和C₂Cl₄的释放.N/P比符合Redfield比值更有利于CHBr₂Cl和CHBr₃的释放.相比NO₃^--N，NH₄⁺-N的添加更有利于4种VHCs释放.     

High genetic diversity of the symbiotic dinoflagellates in the coral Pocillopora meandrina from the South Pacific

Symbioses between dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium (commonly referred to as zooxanthellae) and scleractinian corals are an essential feature for the maintenance of coral reefs. The fine-scale diversity and population structure of the zooxanthellae inhabiting the coral Pocillopora meandrina, a major reef building species in Polynesia, was examined. We used two polymorphic microsatellites to study seven populations from the South Pacific, whose host structuring has been previously investigated. The symbionts of P. meandrina showed high levels of diversity, with more than one zooxanthella genotype being identified in most of the host individuals. Genetic differentiation between symbiont populations was detected at a large scale (2,000 km) between the Tonga and the Society Archipelagos. Within the Society Archipelago, the two most remote populations (Tahiti and Bora-Bora; 200 km apart) were only weakly differentiated from each other. Statistical tests demonstrated that the symbiont genetic structure was not correlated with that of its host, suggesting that dispersal of the symbionts, whether they are transported within a host larva or free in the water, depends mainly on distance and water currents. In addition, the data suggests that hosts may acquire new symbionts after maternal transmission, possibly following a disturbance event. Lastly, the weak differentiation between symbiont populations of P. verrucosa and P. meandrina, both from Moorea, indicated that there was some host-symbiont fine-scale specificity detectable at the genetic resolution offered by microsatellites.     

What Matters Most: Are Future Stream Temperatures More Sensitive to Changing Air Temperatures,Discharge, or Riparian Vegetation?

Simulations of stream temperatures showed a wide range of future thermal regimes under a warming climate — from 2.9°C warmer to 7.6°C cooler than current conditions — depending primarily on shade from riparian vegetation. We used the stream temperature model, Heat Source, to analyze a 37‐km study segment of the upper Middle Fork John Day River, located in northeast Oregon, USA. We developed alternative future scenarios based on downscaled projections from climate change models and the composition and structure of native riparian forests. We examined 36 scenarios combining future changes in air temperature (ΔT_air = 0°C, +2°C, and +4°C), stream discharge (ΔQ = ?30%, 0%, and +30%), and riparian vegetation (post‐wildfire with 7% shade, current vegetation with 19% shade, a young‐open forest with 34% shade, and a mature riparian forest with 79% effective shade). Shade from riparian vegetation had the largest influence on stream temperatures, changing the seven‐day average daily maximum temperature (7DADM) from +1°C to ?7°C. In comparison, the 7DADM increased by 1.4°C with a 4°C increase in air temperature and by 0.7°C with a 30% change in discharge. Many streams throughout the interior western United States have been altered in ways that have substantially reduced shade. The effect of restoring shade could result in future stream temperatures that are colder than today, even under a warmer climate with substantially lower late‐summer streamflow.     

A Critical Assessment of the Use of Surrogate Species in Conservation Planning in the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta,California (U.S.A.)

Abstract: Conservation biology has provided wildlife managers with a wealth of concepts and tools for use in conservation planning; among them is the surrogate species concept. Over the past 20 years, a growing body of empirical literature has demonstrated the limited effectiveness of surrogates as management tools, unless it is first established that the target species and surrogate will respond similarly to a given set of environmental conditions. Wildlife managers and policy makers have adopted the surrogate species concept, reflecting the limited information available on most species at risk of extirpation or extinction and constraints on resources available to support conservation efforts. We examined the use of surrogate species, in the form of cross‐taxon response‐indicator species (that is, one species from which data are used to guide management planning for another, distinct species) in the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta, California (U.S.A.). In that system there has been increasing reliance on surrogates in conservation planning for species listed under federal or state endangered species acts, although the agencies applying the surrogate species concept did not first validate that the surrogate and target species respond similarly to relevant environmental conditions. During the same period, conservation biologists demonstrated that the surrogate concept is generally unsupported by ecological theory and empirical evidence. Recently developed validation procedures may allow for the productive use of surrogates in conservation planning, but, used without validation, the surrogate species concept is not a reliable planning tool.