不同耕作方式下土壤水分状况对土壤呼吸的初期影响

以2001年在东北典型黑土上进行的保护性耕作长期定位试验下免耕、垄作及常规耕作土壤进行了室内培养实验,按照田间持水量(water-holding capacity,WHC)的30%、60%、90%、120%、150%、180%、210%、240%、270%设定了9个水分梯度,并分别对其二氧化碳(CO_2)排放量进行了22 d的短期观测,以研究不同耕作方式下土壤水分状况对土壤呼吸的初期影响.结果表明:1干土条件下在加水培养初期,3种耕作方式均产生了明显的激发效应,并且土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量间存在正相关关系.2除干旱(30%WHC)及淹水(240%WHC、270%WHC)条件下,3种耕作方式CO_2排放通量分别为免耕垄作常规耕作.3对不同耕作方式下土壤水分状况及CO_2排放通量进行了方程拟合,在30%~270%WHC条件下,免耕的CO_2排放通量与水分状况拟合为二次回归方程,而垄作与常规耕作则是线性回归方程.在30%~210%WHC条件下,免耕与垄作下土壤CO_2排放通量与水分状况均可拟合为较好的对数方程,可决系数R~2分别为0.966、0.956.     

Dealing with microtopography of an ombrotrophic bog for simulating ecosystem-level CO2 exchanges

Peatlands contain approximately 25% of the global soil carbon (C), despite covering only 3% of the earth's land surface. In order to evaluate the role of peatlands in global C cycling, models of ecosystem biogeochemistry are required, but peatland ecosystems present a number of unique challenges, particularly how to deal with the large variability that occurs at scales of one to several metres. In models, spatial variability is considered either explicitly for each individual unit and the outputs averaged, referred to as flux upscaling, or implicitly by weighting model parameters by the fractional occurrence of the individual units, referred to as parameter upscaling. The advantage of parameter upscaling is that it is much more computationally efficient: a requirement for hemispheric scale simulations. In this study we determined the differences between modelling a raised bog peatland with hummock-hollow microtopography using flux and parameter upscaling. We used the McGill Wetland Model (MWM), a process-based ecosystem C model for peatlands, configured for hummocks and hollows separately and then a weighted mixture of both. The simulated output based on flux and parameter upscaling was compared with eddy-covariance tower measurements. We found that net ecosystem production (NEP) for hollows was much larger than that for hummocks because total ecosystem respiration (TER) for hummocks was greater while gross primary production (GPP) did not differ significantly between the two topographic features. However, despite differences in components of NEP between hummocks and hollows, there was no statistically significant difference between the NEP based on flux and parameter upscaling using the MWM. Both flux and parameter upscaling show equivalent capability to capture the magnitude, direction, seasonality and inter-annual variability. The root-mean-square-errors (RMSE) are 0.66, 0.45, and 0.49 g C m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively for GPP, TER and NEP based on the flux upscaling, while 0.67, 0.44, and 0.48 g C m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively based on the parameter upscaling. The degree of agreement (d*) is 0.96, 0.97, and 0.88, respectively for GPP, TER and NEP based on the flux upscaling, while 0.96, 0.97, and 0.89, respectively based on the parameter upscaling. This result suggests that differences in processes caused by peatland microtopography scale linearly, which means an ecosystem-level model set-up (i.e. parameter upscaling scheme), is sufficient to simulate the C cycling.     

A simple plankton model for the Oregon upwelling ecosystem: Sensitivity and validation against time-series ocean data

Simple plankton models serve as useful platforms for testing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying ecosystem dynamics. A simple, one-dimensional plankton model was developed to describe the dynamics of nitrate, ammonium, two phytoplankton size-classes, meso-zooplankton, and detritus in the Oregon upwelling ecosystem. Computational simplicity was maintained by linking the biological model to a one-dimensional, cross-shelf physical model driven by the daily coastal upwelling index. The model sacrificed resolution of regional-scale and along-shore (north to south) processes and assumed that seasonal productivity is primarily driven by local cross-shelf Ekman transport of surface waters and upwelling of nutrient-rich water from depth.Our goals were to see how well a simple plankton model could capture the general temporal and spatial dynamics of the system, test system sensitivity to alternate parameter set values, and observe system response to the effective scale of potential retention mechanisms. Model performance across the central Oregon shelf was evaluated against two years (2000-2001) of chlorophyll and copepod time-series observations. While the modeled meso-zooplankton biomass was close in scale to the observed copepod biomass, phytoplankton was overestimated relative to that inferred from the observed surface chlorophyll concentration. Inshore, the system was most sensitive to the nutrient uptake kinetics of diatom-size phytoplankton and to the functional grazing response of meso-zooplankton. Meso-zooplankton was more sensitive to alternate parameter values than was phytoplankton. Reduction of meso-zooplankton cross-shelf advection rates (crudely representing behavioral retention mechanisms) reduced the scale of model error relative to the observed seasonal mean inshore copepod biomass but had little effect of the modeled meso-zooplankton biomass offshore nor upon phytoplankton biomass across the entire shelf.     

基于改进遗传算法率定水质参数的研究

提出一种新的优化准则函数,结合改进的加速遗传算法,能够求得全局最优的水质参数。实例计算结果表明,新算法具有较高的精确度和良好的优化性能。     

改性膨润土对模拟印染废水的动态吸附研究

膨润土吸附法处理工业废水是环境保护与治理中一个重要的研究领域,其分散性能好、颗粒小、比表面积大以及可改善性对处理各类难降解废水有重大意义。文章运用偏微分方程理论建立动态吸附模型,通过计算机语言进行建模和计算,并藉助Origin75软件进行数据曲线拟合,对一种优良改性膨润土固定床处理甲基橙模拟印染废水的实验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明：通过计算机拟合预测的数据基本符合实验结果,说明本文所述方法在改性膨润土吸附模拟染料的实验预测中具有良好的精度。     

Bayesian calibration of the nitrous oxide emission module of an agro-ecosystem model

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is the main biogenic greenhouse gas contributing to the global warming potential (GWP) of agro-ecosystems. Evaluating the impact of agriculture on climate therefore requires a capacity to predict N₂O emissions in relation to environmental conditions and crop management. Biophysical models simulating the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in agro-ecosystems have a unique potential to explore these relationships, but are fraught with high uncertainties in their parameters due to their variations over time and space. Here, we used a Bayesian approach to calibrate the parameters of the N₂O submodel of the agro-ecosystem model CERES-EGC. The submodel simulates N₂O emissions from the nitrification and denitrification processes, which are modelled as the product of a potential rate with three dimensionless factors related to soil water content, nitrogen content and temperature. These equations involve a total set of 15 parameters, four of which are site-specific and should be measured on site, while the other 11 are considered global, i.e. invariant over time and space. We first gathered prior information on the model parameters based on the literature review, and assigned them uniform probability distributions. A Bayesian method based on the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm was subsequently developed to update the parameter distributions against a database of seven different field-sites in France. Three parallel Markov chains were run to ensure a convergence of the algorithm. This site-specific calibration significantly reduced the spread in parameter distribution, and the uncertainty in the N₂O simulations. The model’s root mean square error (RMSE) was also abated by 73% across the field sites compared to the prior parameterization. The Bayesian calibration was subsequently applied simultaneously to all data sets, to obtain better global estimates for the parameters initially deemed universal. This made it possible to reduce the RMSE by 33% on average, compared to the uncalibrated model. These global parameter values may be used to obtain more realistic estimates of N₂O emissions from arable soils at regional or continental scales.     

准好氧填埋渗滤液水质与COD降解拟合研究

在成都市长安垃圾填埋场内开展了规模为10m×10m×5m的准好氧填埋实验,分别对渗滤液pH值、COD和NH4+-N进行了研究,结果表明:渗滤液COD经过697d后从最初的65324mg/L降低到2013mg/L,下降96.92%;由于渗滤液收集管直径较小,进入垃圾体的氧气量受到限制,所以NH4+-N的降解效果较差。通过Excel和Lingo软件对渗滤液COD的降解趋势进行拟合,结果表明Lingo拟合的效果更佳。     

多介质潜流人工湿地的水动力过程模拟

水动力过程是湿地净化功能发挥的重要机制之一.根据脉冲示踪试验,获得潜流人工湿地的水力停留时间分布曲线.针对其"多峰"现象,利用数学软件MATLAB7.0分别将对数正态分布、对流扩散模型以及考虑延迟的连续完全混合反应器模型时脉冲示踪试验数据进行叠加模拟,同时利用多流弥散模型拟合分析,结果表明:叠加模型和多流弥散模型均能较...     

微电解处理电镀含氰废水数学模型的建立

利用origin pro软件和1stOpt软件研究分析铁炭微电解法处理电镀含氰废水的实验数据建立工艺的数学模型。正交试验和单因素试验结果表明最优条件为进水pH值3.5,铁炭体积比2:1,水力停留时间(HRT)60 min,曝气60 min,总氰去除率达96.3%。根据4个变量与总氰去除率间的不同规律关系,运用origin pro软件对其分别进行单因素多项式拟合或S型曲线拟合,建立各自的数学模型,相关系数分别为0.969 9、0.984 6、0.994 8和0.995 8。利用1stOpt软件根据正交试验数据和单因素模型方程进行多元非线性拟合建立宏观数学模型,相关系数达到0.941 3。该模型的参数值比较结果与正交试验测得因素影响次序一致,计算出的模拟值与实验值吻合较好,表明该模型能够正确反应微电解法去除电镀含氰废水中总氰的效果,对后续研究和放大有积极意义。     

基于有限元分析的X80高钢级管道剩余强度计算公式构建

为了更加精确地计算X80高钢级管道剩余强度,以有限元分析理论基础为依据,采用ANSYS WORKBENCH软件对含腐蚀缺陷的X80高钢级管道进行仿真模拟。基于X80高钢级管道有限元模型计算结果,选用1stOpt软件,用拟合的方法构建出以腐蚀缺陷长度、腐蚀缺陷深度、管径、壁厚等因素为变量的X80高钢级管道剩余强度计算公式,将拟合公式与PCORRC,DNV RP-F101和LPC-1等3种评价方法的准确性进行对比、验证和分析。结果表明:拟合公式的误差较小,具有较好的适用性。研究结果对改进现有评价方法具有参考作用。