萃取法处理DSD酸氧化工序废水的研究

本文对萃取法处理ＤＳＤ 酸氧化工序废水进行了研究，确定了废水Ｈ２ＳＯ４三辛胺（ＴＯＡ） － 煤油的萃取体系，并探讨了萃取相比、水相酸度、稀释比、萃取温度、反应搅拌时间、搅拌强度和反萃投碱浓度、反萃温度等一系列处理参数。实验结果表明，经萃取处理后ＤＳＤ 酸氧化工序废水中的ＣＯＤ 及色度去除率分别达９４ ．３ ％ 和９９ ．６ ％ 。     

综合水质模型参数识别研究

针对综合水质模型参数众多，难以同时估算的特点，介绍了二种参数优化方法，分别为：基因法，罗森布瑞克法和单纯形法，在分析了每种方法特点的基础上，结合具体实例进行比较验证，最后提出先进行模型参数灵敏度分析，再选用基因法对灵敏度高的参数进行优选，将优选结果作为罗森布瑞克法和单纯形法初始值，并进一步优选的设计思路。     

脂肽类生物表面活性剂产生菌的分离及特性研究

从石油污染土壤中分离筛选获得一株产生生物表面活性剂菌株Y8A,经生理生化实验、16S rDNA序列分析等将其鉴定为芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus sp.）.Y8A能在22h内将发酵液的表面张力从68.3mN·m-1降到23.5 mN·m-1.经TLC和傅立叶红外光谱分析, 菌株Y8A产生的生物表面活性剂为脂肽类.20mg·L-1 Ca2+和Fe2+能显著促进其生长和表面活性剂的产生;菌株Y8A在20～30℃,pH 5～12范围内产生表面活性剂的能力较强;LB培养基中添加1%乳糖对生长的影响不大,但能够明显促进Y8A产生生物表面活性剂,而葡萄糖、蔗糖抑制表面活性剂的产生.Y8A能够促进石油降解菌Y1D和F11对石油的降解和功夫菊酯降解菌ZZH对功夫菊酯的生物降解.     

基于不同目标的大型生活垃圾堆肥处理工艺的优选

以北京市南宫堆肥厂为例,利用模糊数学和层次分析法对10种堆肥处理工艺进行了比较研究.结果表明,以腐熟度指标为单目标的最优堆肥工艺:以0~80mm生活垃圾为堆肥原料,高温发酵8d,在第4d时翻堆破碎1次,后熟化12d最终熟化12d;以经济指标为单目标的最优堆肥工艺:以0~80mm生活垃圾为堆肥原料,高温发酵8d,后熟化12d,最终熟化12d;以腐熟度指标和经济指标为双目标的最优堆肥工艺:采用0~80mm生活垃圾为物料,高温发酵8d其中翻堆破碎1次,后熟化12d,最终熟化12d.     

A pattern-oriented modelling approach to simulating populations of grey partridge

A number of wildlife species including the grey partridge (Perdix perdix) have shown dramatic post-war population declines. Multiple drivers have been proposed as reasons for the declines, for example agrochemical use and intensification of agricultural practices, climate, predation, and changes in landscape structure. These drivers may interact in non-linear ways and are inherently spatio-temporal in nature. Therefore models used to investigate mechanisms should be spatio-temporal, of proper scale, and have a high degree of biological realism. Here we describe the development and testing of an agent-based model (ABM) of grey partridge using a well documented pre-decline historical data set in conjunction with a pattern-oriented modelling (POM) approach. Model development was an iterative process of defining performance criteria, testing model behaviour, and reformulating as necessary to emulate system properties whilst ensuring that internal mechanisms were biologically realistic. The model was documented using ODdox, a new protocol for describing large agent-based models. Parameter fitting in the model was achieved to within ±2% accuracy for 15 out of 17 field data patterns used, and within 5% for the remaining two. Tests of interactions between input parameters showed that 62% of parameter pairs tested had significant interactions underlining the complex nature of the model structure. Sensitivity analysis identified chick mortality as being the most sensitive factor, followed by adult losses to hunting and adult overwinter mortality, agreeing in general with previous partridge models. However, the ABM used here could separate individual drivers, providing a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind population regulation, and allowing factors to be compared directly. The ABM used is rich in output signals allowing detailed testing and refinement of the model. This approach is particularly suited to systems such as the partridge system where data for comparison to model outputs is readily available. Despite the accurate fit between historical data and model output, making use of the predictive power of the approach the model requires further calibration and testing under modern field conditions.     

丛式井组直井段交碰风险评价及设计优化

直井段井眼防碰是丛式定向井施工过程中需要解决的主要难题之一。 为了有效减小丛式定向井直井段的交碰风险,对井眼交碰概率与井眼间距、井眼交碰概率与两井眼平行段长度的关系进行了研究,得出了丛式定向井直井段总体交碰概率的求取方法。基于该方法,对由4口井组成的线形井口丛式井直井段井眼交碰概率进行了计算,通过分析找出了交碰概率最小的直井段排列方式。研究结果表明:随着井眼间距的增大,井眼交碰概率呈快速下降趋势,井眼间距超过某一距离后,井眼交碰概率趋近于平稳;随着两井眼平行段长度的增加,井眼交碰概率呈增长趋势;通过优化排列及设计方式可有效减小丛式定向井直径段的交碰风险。研究为减小丛式开发井整体风险提供了新思路。     

Data-directed modelling of Daphnia dynamics in a long-term micro-ecosystem experiment

The micro-ecosystem under consideration consists of three compartments forming a closed chain in which water circulates. Three trophic levels are represented in different compartments: autotrophs (algae, mainly Chlorella vulgaris), herbivores (Daphnia magna) and microbial decomposers. From a 20 years experiment with this system, data has been selected for this study. The dynamics of algae and Daphnia magna in only one of the compartments were modeled by different systems of differential and difference equations. We describe the successive steps in the process of model development, and the fitting of parameters using a Nelder-Mead simplex calibration method. Identification problems were overcome by taking values for physiological parameters in agreement with the literature. It turned out that a logistic type of model gives the best result for the structured Daphnia population because of the set up of the experiment: algae grow and reproduce in the upstream compartment. For this reason well-known plant–herbivore models did not comply with the data. The results of the parameter estimation procedure are discussed. The estimated grazing rate by Daphnia was smaller than expected. Possibly the Daphnia fed also on detritus and decomposing algae which were not measured.     

Optimization of ecosystem model parameters using spatio-temporal soil moisture information

Parameters in process-based terrestrial ecosystem models are often nonlinearly related to the water flux to the atmosphere, and they also change temporally and spatially. Therefore, for estimating soil moisture, process-based terrestrial ecosystem models inevitably need to specify spatially and temporally variant model parameters. This study presents a two-stage data assimilation scheme (TSDA) to spatially and temporally optimize some key parameters of an ecosystem model which are closely related to soil moisture. At the first stage, a simplified ecosystem model, namely the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator (BEPS), is used to obtain the prior estimation of daily soil moisture. After the spatial distribution of 0–10 cm surface soil moisture is derived from remote sensing, an Ensemble Kalman Filter is used to minimize the difference between the remote sensing model results, through optimizing some model parameters spatially. At the second stage, BEPS is reinitialized using the optimized parameters to provide the updated model predictions of daily soil moisture. TSDA has been applied to an arid and semi-arid area of northwest China, and the performance of the model for estimating daily 0–10 cm soil moisture after parameter optimization was validated using field measurements. Results indicate that the TSDA developed in this study is robust and efficient in both temporal and spatial model parameter optimization. After performing the optimization, the correlation (r²) between model-predicted 0–10 cm soil moisture and field measurement increased from 0.66 to 0.75. It is demonstrated that spatial and temporal optimization of ecosystem model parameters can not only improve the model prediction of daily soil moisture but also help to understand the spatial and temporal variation of some key parameters in an ecosystem model and the corresponding ecological mechanisms controlling the variation.     

经济结构、增长方式与环境污染的内在关联研究——基于时变参数向量自回归模型的实证分析

基于对数平均迪氏指数（LMDI）方法分解影响环境污染的经济因素,利用时变参数向量自回归（TVP-VAR）模型研究了各因素在不同时点、不同提前期对污染物排放的动态冲击特征.结果表明,技术进步具有提高企业生产率以及提升企业产品清洁度的双重效果,产生的创新补偿效应降低了污染排放.我国以煤炭为主的能源消费结构和煤炭消耗产生不容易累积的烟煤型污染物,使得能源结构引致的污染效应在当期最为明显,且持续期较短.能源利用效率的大幅提升有效降低了污染物排放,同时也呈现了一定的反弹效应.产业结构对环境污染的影响逐渐增强、经济规模扩大对于环境污染的冲击具有较强的持续性.合理控制结构因素和规模因素对污染物排放的影响,成为了降低污染水平的重要环节.     

水环境综合整治方案灰色多目标优化模型

水环境综合整治方案的优化决策必须考虑社会、经济、技术、环境等多种指标,在这些指标中既有已知信息,又有未知或未确知的灰色信息。因此,水环境综合整治方案的优化属于灰色多目标优化问题。本文利用灰色多目标优化模型,选取六个优化指标,对宣州市水环境综合整治的五种可行方案进行了优化决策,得到了符合当地社会、经济、技术和环境状况的优化方案。研究表明,该模型原理简单、计算简便、结果可靠,是一种很有实用价值的多方案优化模型。