Evaluation of a Daphnia magna renewal life‐cycle test method with diazinon

Abstract

Acute and chronic toxicity tests with diazinon (diethyl 2‐isopropyl‐6‐methyl‐4‐pyrimidinyl phosphorothionate) were conducted on Daphnia magna. The 24‐hr static LC50 was 0.86 μL.L^‐1. The sublethal effects of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 ngL^‐1 of diazinon concentrations on the survival, reproduction and growth of D. magna were monitored for 21 days. The algae Nannochloris oculata (5 x 10⁵ cellsmL^‐1) was used to feed the daphnids. The parameters used to determined the effect of the pesticide on D. magna were: mean total young per female; mean brood size; days to first brood; intrinsic rate of natural increase (r); growth; and survival. Reproduction as well as survival was significantly reduced at diazinon concentrations of 0.10 ngL^‐1 and higher. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) decreased with increasing concentrations of diazinon. Growth, as measured by body length, was depressed significantly at 0.05 ngL^‐1 of diazinon and higher concentrations. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) was calculated. The chronic data was used to formulate an acute/chronic ratio.     

The role of interactions between individual animals in the response to heat stress in the freshwater crustacean <Emphasis Type="Italic">Daphnia magna</Emphasis>

The thermal resistance of Daphnia magna Straus is a trait depending on the interaction between individuals. The group effect is expressed in D. magna as both a decrease in thermal resistance and a marked individual differentiation with respect to thermal resistance. Two types of interactions between individual D. magna have been found: (1) the release of an unidentified factor decreasing thermal resistance (without noticeably changing the phenotypic variability of this trait) into the medium and (2) a decrease in the thermal resistance of individuals poorly adapted to heat stress, with the thermal resistance of well-adapted individuals (determined by the dependence of thermal resistance on interactions between individuals) remaining the same or even slightly increasing.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 2, 2005, pp. 126–131.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kalinnikova, Krasnoperova, T. Gainutdinov, Sadykova, M. Gainutdinov.     

吡虫清等4种新农药的水生态安全性评价

以斜生栅列藻 (Scenedesmusobliquus)、大型 (Daphniamagna)和斑马鱼 (Brachydaniorerio)为试验生物 ,在实验室条件下测定了吡虫清、吡嗪酮、恶草酮和精喹禾灵 4种新农药对水生生物的急性毒性IC50值或LC50 值 ,并进行了安全性评价。结果表明 ,杀虫剂吡虫清对水极毒 ,对鱼类高毒 ,对藻类低毒 ;杀虫剂吡嗪酮对水和鱼类低毒 ,对藻类中等毒性 ;除草剂恶草酮对藻类高毒 ,对水和鱼类中等毒性 ;除草剂精喹禾灵对藻类高毒 ,对水中等毒性 ,对鱼类高毒。     

蒽醌类化合物对大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的急性光致毒性研究

通过测定模拟光照和无光照条件下20种蒽醌类化合物对大型(Daphnia magna)的48h半数活动抑制浓度(EC50), 研究了该类化合物的光致毒性．比较了两种助溶剂(二甲基亚砜和丙酮)对这些化合物光致毒性的影响,初步讨论了光致毒性的机理．结果表明,所研究的助溶剂不影响这些化合物对大型潘的光致毒性．蒽醌类化合物因其取代基的不同(-NH2、-OH、-Cl、-Br、-NO2)、取代基位置的不同和取代基数目的不同,而表现出对大型潘光致毒性的不同．最低未占据分子轨道能(ELUMO)和最高占据分子轨道能(EHOMO)之间的能级差,可用于初步判断蒽醌类化合物 溞大型的潜在光致毒性．     

三种典型渔药对大型溞(Daphnia magna)的急性毒性及其关键环境影响因子分析

测试了三种典型渔药三氯异氰尿酸(Trichloroisocyanuricacid,TCCA)、叔丁基对羟基茴香醚(Butylatedhydroxyanisole,BHA)、盐酸环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacinhydrochloride,CPFX)对大型(Daphniamagna)的急性毒性。结果表明,对于大型的毒性由大到小的顺序为:三氯异氰尿酸,叔丁基对羟基茴香醚,盐酸环丙沙星,48hLC50分别为0.19mg·L-1,3.15mg·L-1和135.15mg·L-1。通过三因素三水平正交试验分析了主要环境因子pH值、硬度、腐殖酸对三种渔药对大型毒性的影响,发现pH显著影响TCCA的毒性,硬度显著影响CPFX的毒性,而BHA毒性受环境因素影响不显著。     

沉积物中腐殖质对铜毒性的影响

东湖沉积物中掺入腐殖质与铜 ,得到总有机碳 (TOC) 1.4 5 %～ 5 .72 %、总铜 (TCu) 12 0～ 2 70 0mg/kg的污染沉积物样品 ,离心法制取沉积物间隙水 .间隙水对大型溞 (Daphniamagna)进行 4 8h急性毒性试验 .沉积物及间隙水的化学分析表明 :间隙水中可溶性有机碳 (DOC)、铜 (Cu)、铁 (Fe)、锰 (Mn)、钙 (Ca)与沉积物中TOC和TCu含量关系呈现不同的变化规律 .多元分析表明 :间隙水中铜对大型溞的急性毒性 ,随沉积物中TOC含量的升高而减弱 ,随沉积物中总铜含量的增加而增强 ,多元回归方程为 :LC50 =- 0 .13179+0 .0 780 7[TOC]- 0 .0 0 0 12 [TCu]+0 .0 4 6 5 3[DOC]- 0 .0 80 4 5 [Cu]+0 .0 0 794 [Fe]+0 .0 36 6 [Ca],P =0 .0 0 0 0 相似文献   

Ecotoxicological and chemical evaluation of phenolic compounds in industrial effluents

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the ecotoxicological response of industrial effluents containing phenolic compounds. All complex effluents collected from a chemical plant and then after both a chemical–physical and biological treatment were characterised with chemical analysis, biodegradability tests and four ecotoxicological tests (Daphnia magna, Artemia salina, Brachionus plicatilis and Vibrio fisheri with Microtox^®). The evaluation of the chemical and ecotoxicological data was useful for predicting the effect of the raw effluent on the treatment plant and the impact of the final treated effluent on the receiving water. Besides the toxicity of the effluent from the chemical plants, the acute toxicity of its main components was also determined. The results of the tests and toxicity data from literature were transformed in Toxic Units (TUs). Effluent toxicity was under- or over-estimated by calculating the sum of the TUs of the individual components, depending on which toxicity data and test organisms were used.     

苯酚及其氯代物对大型[氵蚤]的毒性效应和微观机理探讨

采用静态生物急性试验的方法，研究了5种酚类化合物对大型[氵蚤]的急性毒性效应，并利用正辛醇／水分配系数（Kow）对实验测得的毒性数值进行了统计分析，得到了有效的毒性估测模型。研究结果表明，大型[氵蚤]的幼溪接触不同化合物的不同浓度，活动会受到抑制，甚至死亡，苯酚、4-氯酚、2，4-二氯酚、2，3，4-三氯酚和五氯酚的48hEC50分别为9．15、4．64、4．40、1．92、0．37mg／L；根据化学物质对[氵蚤]类的毒性评价标准，这5种化合物都属高毒物质，其中五氯酚具有极高毒性。另外，五氯酚对大型[氵蚤]的致毒关键步骤不仅包括传输分配过程还有生化反应。     

大型溞对氰法、锑冶炼碱渣的毒性评价

采用大型溞为试验生物对氰渣、锑冶炼碱渣进行毒性试验研究.结果表明,氰渣、锑冶炼碱渣能够抑制大型溞的运动,并造成溞的大量死亡.所测得的半数运动受抑制浓度EC_(50)值,氰渣24h为7.5％,48h及96h分别为0.24％,锑冶炼碱渣96hEC_(50)值为98％.所测得的半数致死浓度LC_(50)值,48及96h分别为0.43％及0.19％.     

低pH值对大型溞（Daphnia magna Straus）存活、生长和生殖的影响

在静置换水条件下,研究了低pH值对大型存活、生长和生殖的影响。结果表明,在25±1℃下,急性试验低pH值对大型的24h和48hLL50值及其95％可信限分别为pH值4.66±0.19和4.94±0.20。慢性试验进行了14天,对存活和生长,pH值1.75有影响,pH值5.0没有影响;对生殖,pH值5.0有影响,pH值5.5没有影响。显示出低pH值对大型的毒性阈限在pH值5.00－5.50之间。