水环境中腐殖酸的荷电特性与聚集特性

通过腐殖酸的Zeta电位和粒径的变化规律研究,探讨化学条件对腐殖酸的荷电状态和聚集状态的影响。结果表明,腐殖酸具有自我凝聚的特性;在pH较低和溶液离子强度较高时,腐殖酸胶粒的Zeta电位绝对值减小而聚合度增大,从而使腐殖酸胶粒聚集而凝聚;随腐殖酸浓度增大,腐殖酸胶粒的Zeta电位绝对值增大,腐殖酸胶粒的缩聚程度降低而使粒径减小。     

社会选择理论在流域跨界水资源配置冲突决策问题中的应用

本文将社会选择理论引入到流域跨界水资源配置冲突的解决研究中,从群决策的角度寻找到流域内各区域一致同意的、满足水量分配公平的流域水资源配置方案。流域水资源配置冲突问题从表面上看是资源问题,实质上却是一个典型的决策问题。作为一种具有混合特性和稀缺性的自然资源,流域稀缺水资源的分配实质上是多主体参与的涉水利益分配,而分配的核心问题是如何通过合理的群决策机制协调水资源配置冲突中不同行政区域之间的利益关系进而实现公平。本文提出基于社会选择理论的流域跨界水资源配置冲突解决框架,首先从公平性角度将流域水资源配置冲突看成一个短缺资源的配置问题,利用P、AP、CEA和CEL四种破产准则获取可行的水量分配方案集合;其次运用社会选择理论中的PV、BC、HQ、PCM和FB五种偏好聚合方法进行流域内各行政区域个体偏好聚合的群决策分析;通过破产准则与偏好聚合的结合能够实现流域水资源配置冲突群决策结果的公平,所得流域水量分配方案易于被冲突主体所接受。最后,以华北缺水地区的漳河流域跨界水资源配置冲突问题为例进行研究,并比较不同破产准则及偏好聚合方法在解决流域跨界水资源配置冲突中的应用。研究结果表明,社会选择理论与破产准则的结合在解决流域跨界水资源配置冲突问题中具有较高的实用价值。     

SQL CLR聚合函数在环境质量业务数据计算中的应用

结合声环境质量业务数据处理的实践,阐述了开发部署SQL CLR聚合函数的意义和关键步骤,并通过实际场景应用展现了SQL CLR聚合函数在复杂数据计算中具备的高效性、高可复用性,展望了该项技术在其他环境业务数据处理中的应用前景。     

Safety assessment of natural gas storage tank using similarity aggregation method based fuzzy fault tree analysis (SAM-FFTA) approach

Fault tree analysis (FTA) is an important method to analyze the failure causes of engineering systems and evaluate their safety and reliability. In practical application, the probabilities of bottom events in FTA are usually estimated according to the opinions of experts or engineers because it is difficult to obtain sufficient probability data of bottom events in fault tree. However, in many cases, there are many experts with different opinions or different forms of opinions. How to reasonably aggregate expert opinions is a challenge for the engineering application of fault tree method. In this study, a fuzzy fault tree analysis approach based on similarity aggregation method (SAM-FFTA) has been proposed. This method combines SAM with fuzzy set theory and can handled comprehensively diverse forms of opinions of different experts to obtain the probabilities of bottom events in fault tree. Finally, for verifying the applicability and flexibility of the proposed method, a natural gas spherical storage tank with a volume of 10,000 m³ was analyzed, and the importance of each bottom event was determined. The results show that flame, lightning spark, electrostatic spark, impact spark, mechanical breakdown and deformation/breakage have the most significant influence on the explosion of the natural gas spherical storage tank.     

中国再生资源产业聚集度变动趋势及影响因素研究

为探寻我国资源再生利用的产业化发展道路,选用产业集中度、区位熵、Gini系数、Hoover系数以及EG系数,从时间维度、空间维度和总体水平上对我国再生资源产业聚集度变动趋势进行了测度,并通过对2004-2009年全国26个省市自治区面板数据进行分析,检验了各个因素对产业聚集的影响。研究表明:①我国再生资源产业聚集度从2004年开始就处于较高水平,由极高寡占转变为中度寡占市场,趋向合理化发展态势;②浙江、广东、江苏等经济发达地区产业聚集度较高,属于再生资源产业高水平专业化地区,而湖南省以外的其他内陆地区发展水平均较低;③新古典经济、新经济地理和政策制度三方面因素分别对产业聚集有显著的影响,其中企业规模、对外开放度均与再生资源产业集聚水平正相关,是近期影响产业聚集的关键性因素,企业规模的扩大和对外开放度的提高,都将有利于产业聚集。最后,针对这一结果提出了增强我国资源再生产业聚集的建议。     

矿业城市景观生态安全研究——一种双层复杂网络分析方法

以土地利用变化（LUC）和景观生态安全指标（LESI）分别作为上、下层网络,通过确定LUC和LESI单层网络的节点、节点重要度和节点连接强度,以及LUC与LESI上下层网络之间的节点连接系数,形成LUC-LESI双层复杂网络模型,并构建度中心性、聚类相关性和节点影响强度等3个复杂网络指标,定量分析区域土地利用变化与景观生态安全之间的内在有机联系,为土地利用调控提供指导.大冶市案例研究结果表明,2005~2015年大冶市景观生态安全状况相对稳定,7个乡镇景观生态安全状况得到提高,8个乡镇景观生态安全状况降低,景观生态安全总体处于第4等级;耕地减少和建设用地增加在LUC网络中处于核心位置,是整个网络的骨架,香农多样性指数SHDI在LESI网络中处于核心位置,对区域景观生态安全的影响最大,耕地减少和建设用地增加在区域景观生态安全变化中起主导作用;建设用地扩张主要占用耕地,耕地-建设既有相对集中的大面积开发区,又存在工矿建设的遍地开花,且建设主要沿道路线性展开,导致耕地-建设的平均斑块面积大、斑块聚集度较低、斑块形状指数较高;耕地改种树木现象在各乡镇已较为普遍,单块面积较大且相对集中,而耕地抛荒主要发生在山丘区域,虽集中度高但单块面积较小,耕地改种树木和耕地抛荒多表现为成片进行,导致耕地-林地平均斑块面积较大而耕地-草地平均斑块面积小,两者斑块聚集度均较高,斑块形状指数均较低.LUC-LESI双层复杂网络实现了景观生态安全与土地利用变化之间关系的定量化表达,可以作为区域景观生态安全研究的一种有效分析工具.     

Effects of climate change on moose populations: Exploring the response horizon through biometric and systems models

Interest in the response of moose to climate change has increased because of the potential role they play in the conservation of woodland caribou, and threatened loss to recreational and economic opportunities. The objective of this study is to develop a plausible, parsimonious, systems-level model of moose population dynamics that will be useful in exploring the response of moose populations to climate projections. The study begins with a statistical model of moose carrying capacity, which is then integrated into a systems-level model that predicts moose density based on explicit causal factors. Scenario analysis was conducted using a variety of assumptions concerning biotic and abiotic interactions, and under the A2 climate scenario all model scenarios predict a decline of moose density at the southern limits of the Ontario distribution and an increase at the northern extents. Predicted declines are a result of lower carrying capacity and higher heat stress, parasite loads and wolf predation. Given the sensitivity of the model to density-dependent factors, the indirect effect of parasites on decreased recruitment may have greater impact on moose than the direct effect of increased death rate. Results indicate that conservation planning for woodland caribou populations should account for possible increases in moose and wolf populations.     

环境指标研究进展与分析

对于在可持续发展框架下的环境指标的研究 ,特别是对于PSR概念模型、联结宏观经济与环境的指标、有关自然资源消耗的指标、与空间特征相关的环境指标以及环境指标的整合 5个方面 ,进行了综述与分析 ,同时提出了笔者的观点。      

曝气充氧污水中碳源种类对游离菌凝聚特性的影响

为揭示碳源种类在细菌形成菌胶团中的作用,在好氧批式培养条件下研究了以4种有机物作为人工废水中的碳源,培养污水中细菌从完全游离到凝聚为絮体的过程.结果显示,当以小分子有机物(乙酸钠或葡萄糖)和大分子有机物(蛋白胨或可溶性淀粉)作为碳源时,分别培养大约48 h和24 h即出现直径大于30μm的絮体.碳源为大分子有机物时,絮体形成过程中絮体的胞外聚合物(EPS)中蛋白与多糖比值达到极值所用时间较以小分子有机物为碳源要短.以蛋白胨为例,这些指标在培养开始24 h时即分别达到了最大接触角(64.91°)、最小Zeta电位(9.21 mV)和最大PN/PS值(6.25),但用乙酸钠培养时,达到最大接触角(53.52°)、最小Zeta电位(12.2 mV)和最大PN/PS值(8.03)所需时间为36 h.研究发现,絮体的PN/PS比值与接触角之间呈显著正相关(r>0.7,p<0.05),但与Zeta电位绝对值之间呈显著负相关(r<-0.89,p<0.05).大分子有机物作碳源时,细菌EPS中蛋白质的合成相比多糖更快更多,增加了细菌表面EPS的疏水性,从而使细菌个体间静电斥力降...     

Parasite distribution and virulence: implications for parasite-mediated sexual selection

The Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis states that females choosing males with more developed secondary sexual traits, i.e. brighter males, achieve greater fitness if variability in brightness reflects heritable variation in resistance to parasites. However, several factors will affect the likelihood that parasites play a role in sexual selection in given species. Here, using simple models, we show that because of parasite aggregation on a few hosts, only few breeding males would suffer from reductions in brightness due to parasites. Only in cases where parasites are abundant and show low levels of aggregation among their hosts would there be sufficient variability in brightness among breeding males for female choice of bright, resistant males to evolve. In addition, sufficient parasite-induced variability in brightness among breeding males will only occur in host-parasite systems where pathology is linearly related to the number of parasites per host. The presence of males that are uninfected and bright but genetically susceptible to parasites will also influence the fitness advantages obtained by females choosing bright males. If genetic immunity against parasites is rare in the host population, females can probably only benefit from choosing bright males if parasites are common and little aggregated among males. These results greatly limit the generality of the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis, and suggest that only a small fraction of host-parasite associations could promote the evolution of host mate choice for resistance based on brightness. Correspondence to: R. Poulin