外源输入对底泥疏浚新生表层磷恢复及迁移的影响

外源输入对底泥疏浚新生表层磷恢复及迁移转化的影响尚不清楚,阐明该问题对于底泥疏浚实施后流域尺度上的外源控制及管理具有重要的意义.本研究以太湖梅梁湾沉积物为研究对象,采用野外原位模拟疏浚的方法研究在有无外源颗粒物输入条件下,疏浚前后新生泥水界面磷的迁移转化过程,并探讨疏浚对内源磷释放的控制效果.结果表明,疏浚后阻止外源颗粒物输入对沉积物总磷(TP)和总氮(TN)的控制产生着积极的影响;疏浚显著降低了表层沉积物潜在可移动磷的含量,有外源颗粒物输入组潜在可移动态磷(Mobile-P)含量显著高于无外源组,变化的Mobile-P以铁结合态磷(Fe-P)为主,有机磷(Org-P)次之,弱结合态磷(Lb-P)含量较低不足总磷的1‰;实验210d后,有外源颗粒物输入疏浚组间隙水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度低于未疏浚组,无外源疏浚组显著低于未疏浚组(P 0. 05);无外源疏浚组间隙水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度保持着较低的水平,其余组间隙水中PO_4~(3-)-P浓度呈现先增加后减小的趋势,间隙水PO_4~(3-)-P浓度与其对应分层沉积物中Fe-P含量显著正相关;冬春季间沉积物的源-汇功能发生了转变,沉积物对上覆水由汇转变成为源;疏浚措施降低了底泥内源磷释放速率,可有效控制其内源磷释放,阻止外源颗粒物输入对疏浚控制内源磷负荷起到了较好的促进作用.     

河北省进一步发展高等教育的初步探讨

河北省高等教育在全国排名榜中相对落后,与人口大省、经济大省不适应,其原因是多方面的。进一步发展高等教育对河北省实现向经济强省、文化强省跨越至关重要,为此河北省应将努力发展高等教育纳入"十二五"规划,适度扩大办学规模;加大投入;分类指导,突出重点,增强特色,推动内涵式发展;办强师资队伍及师德师风建设;鼓励高校开展科技创新。     

Integrating soil carbon cycling with that of nitrogen and phosphorus in the watershed model SWAT: Theory and model testing

In this paper we describe and test a sub-model that integrates the cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model. The core of the sub-model is a multi-layer, one-pool soil organic carbon (S_C) algorithm, in which the decomposition rate of S_C and input rate to S_C (through decomposition and humification of residues) depend on the current size of S_C. The organic N and P fluxes are coupled to that of C and depend on the available mineral N and P, and the C:N and N:P ratios of the decomposing pools. Tillage explicitly affects the soil organic matter turnover rate through tool-specific coefficients. Unlike most models, the turnover of soil organic matter does not follow first order kinetics. Each soil layer has a specific maximum capacity to accumulate C or C saturation (S_x) that depends on texture and controls the turnover rate. It is shown in an analytical solution that S_x is a parameter with major influence in the model C dynamics. Testing with a 65-yr data set from the dryland wheat growing region in Oregon shows that the model adequately simulates the S_C dynamics in the topsoil (top 0.3 m) for three different treatments. Three key model parameters, the optimal decomposition and humification rates and a factor controlling the effect of soil moisture and temperature on the decomposition rate, showed low uncertainty as determined by generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation. Nonetheless, the parameter set that provided accurate simulations in the topsoil tended to overestimate S_C in the subsoil, suggesting that a mechanism that expresses at depth might not be represented in the current sub-model structure. The explicit integration of C, N, and P fluxes allows for a more cohesive simulation of nutrient cycling in the SWAT model. The sub-model has to be tested in forestland and rangeland in addition to agricultural land, and in diverse soils with extreme properties such high or low pH, an organic horizon, or volcanic soils.     

温度和氮素输入对青藏高原三种高寒草地土壤碳矿化的影响

选取了海北高寒草甸、那曲高寒草原和当雄高寒湿地3种典型高寒草地生态系统类型为研究对象,采集了表层0~10 cm土壤,在实验室内进行可控温度下的碳矿化培养实验。结果表明,青藏高原土壤碳矿化在不同高寒草地类型间存在显著差异（P≤0.05）。在较低的温度下,高寒湿地土壤的碳矿化速率显著低于高寒草甸土壤,而温度在15℃左右时,高寒湿地土的碳矿化速率略高于高寒草甸土壤,当温度处于较高的水平时（〉20℃）,高寒湿地土壤碳矿化速率远高于高寒草甸土壤,高寒湿地土壤碳矿化的Q10显著大于高寒草甸。无论是低温还是较高的温度,高寒草原土壤碳矿化速率最低,数值范围也最窄。高寒草甸和高寒湿地土壤碳矿化均受温度的显著影响（P≤0.05）,其速率均跟温度呈现一级指数函数方程关系,而高寒草原土壤碳矿化速率与温度间未呈现明显的函数关系,但不同温度间的土壤碳矿化速率存在显著差异。氮素输入对高寒草甸和高寒湿地土壤碳矿化的影响不明显,但显著促进了高寒草原土壤碳矿化作用。     

伊洛河流域河水来源及水化学组成控制因素

伊洛河是黄河中游南岸重要支流,由伊河和洛河在洛阳偃师汇合而成.流域上游矿产资源开采活动较多,下游城镇密集,工农业活动分布广泛.为探究不同类型人为活动对伊洛河流域河水水化学组成的影响,分别在丰水期(8月)和平水期(12月)采集伊洛河流域干流和支流河水样品,借助水体氢氧同位素组成和阴阳离子组成的时空分布特征,阐明水体来源以及水化学组成控制因素,说明人为活动的影响途径和方式.结果表明:①洛河干流河水丰水期和平水期δD和δ~(18)O均值分别为-56‰和-7.9‰以及-55‰和-8.1‰,伊河干流河水丰水期和平水期δD和δ~(18)O均值分别为-49‰和-6.9‰以及-53‰和-7.8‰,丰水期和平水期河水主要接受当地大气降水补给;②洛河及伊河干流河水水化学类型均为HCO_3-SO_4-Ca-Mg型,丰水期干流河水Ca~(2+)和HCO~-_3当量浓度占比低于平水期,而丰水期SO_4~(2-)当量浓度占比则高于平水期,显示丰水期较多硫酸盐输入;③碳酸和硫酸参与流域内碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩风化过程,洛河流域碳酸盐岩风化较明显,伊河流域硅酸盐岩风化较明显;④伊洛河流域人为输入影响表现在上游河水水化学组成受到金属矿产采选活动影响,下游河水水化学组成受工业废水和城镇生活污水的影响;⑤伊洛河流域上游和下游两种不同类型人为活动是河水硫酸盐硫同位素组成空间上变化的重要原因,上游河水硫酸盐硫同位素组成偏负,证实来自硫化物矿物氧化过程产生的硫酸盐贡献较大,进而间接证实硫酸参与岩石化学风化过程.下游河水硫酸盐硫同位素值偏正,与工业废水和城镇生活污水有关.     

Egg coloration in ring-billed gulls (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Larus delawarensis</Emphasis>): a test of the sexual signaling hypothesis

Although many avian eggs appear to be cryptically colored, many species also lay vibrant blue green eggs. This seemingly conspicuous coloration has puzzled biologists since Wallace, as natural selection should favor reduced egg visibility to minimize predation pressure. The sexual signaling hypothesis posits that blue green egg coloration serves as a signal of female quality and that males exert post-mating sexual selection on this trait by investing more in the nests of females laying more intensely blue green eggs. This hypothesis has received mixed support to date, and most previous studies have been conducted in cavity-nesting species where male evaluation of his partner’s egg coloration, relative to that of other females, may be somewhat limited. In this study, we test the sexual signaling hypothesis in colonially nesting ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) where males have ample opportunity to assess their mate’s egg coloration relative to that of other females. We used correlational data and an experimental manipulation to test four assumptions and predictions of the sexual signaling hypothesis: (1) blue green pigmentation should be limiting to females; (2) extent of blue green egg coloration should relate to female quality; (3) extent of blue green egg coloration should relate to offspring quality; and (4) males should provide more care to clutches with higher blue green chroma. Our data provide little support for these predictions of the sexual signaling hypothesis in ring-billed gulls. In light of this and other empirical data, we encourage future studies to consider additional hypotheses for the evolution of blue green egg coloration.     

火电站污水处理厂最佳投药量优化试验研究

火电厂污水水质和水量变化较大,絮凝剂和助凝剂投药量准确与否决定去除效率和运行成本,本研究针对火电厂实际运行情况,通过静态和动态实验,比较去除效率。根据水质和水量的变化,找到最佳投药量,为污水处理厂的最佳运行提供了参考依据。     

Anaerobic tapered fluidized bed reactor for starch wastewater treatment and modeling using multilayer perceptron neural network

Anaerobic treatability of synthetic sago wastewater was investigated in a laboratory anaerobic tapered fluidized bed reactor(ATFBR) with a mesoporous granular activated carbon(GAC)as a support material.The experimental protocol was defined to examine the effect of the maximum organic loading rate(OLR),hydraulic retention time(HRT),the efficiency of the reactor and to report on its steady- state performance.The reactor was subjected to a steady-state operation over a range of OLR up to 85.44 kg COD/(m~3.d).The COD removal efficiency was found to be 92% in the reactor while the biogas produced in the digester reached 25.38 m~3/(m~3·d) of the reactor. With the increase of OLR from 83.7 kg COD/(m~3.d),the COD removal efficiency decreased.Also an artificial neural network(ANN) model using multilayer perceptron(MLP)has been developed for a system of two input variable and five output dependent variables. For the training of the input-output data,the experimental values obtained have been used.The output parameters predicted have been found to be much closer to the corresponding experimental ones and the model was validated for 30% of the untrained data.The mean square error(MSE)was found to be only 0.0146.     

基于面板数据的研发投入对区域经济增长影响分析

利用长江经济带110个地市1990~2013年RD投入与经济增长水平的相关面板数据,通过单位根检验、协整性检验和面板数据模型,对RD经费投入和人员投入与区域经济增长的影响进行了分析。结果表明:1长江经济带各市的经济增长与RD投入存在长期稳定的关系,RD短期投入对区域经济增长的影响则存在着一定的滞后效应;2RD人员投入产出弹性高于RD经费投入,说明区域经济增长对RD人员的依赖性更大;3RD投入表现出东部地区高于中部地区,中部地区高于西部地区,但RD投入对区域经济增长的影响则表现出中西部大于东部的现象,造成这一现象的原因在于所处发展阶段的不同和东中西区域经济特征不同。最后,从加大RD经费投入强度、制定RD投入中长期计划等方面提出了促进区域经济增长的建议。     

污染减排影响经济发展的投入产出模型及实证分析

构建了环境经济投入产出模型,针对淘汰落后产能对经济发展的影响进行了实证研究,定量计算了2006～2007年问淘汰落后产能对于经济社会发展的贡献度和影响.研究表明,虽然淘汰落后产能对于传统的国民经济发展指标有一定负面影响,但对于优化经济增长方式确实起到了积极作用.一是优化了产业结构,第一、二、三产业结构由2005年的12.4%,48.6%,39.0%调整为2006年的12.5%,48.2%和39.3%,2007年调整为12.6%,47.8%和39.6%,第二产业所占比重逐步下降,第三产业所占比重逐步上升;在第二产业内部.造纸、食品、电力、炼焦、金属冶炼、非金属矿物制品业等重污染行业的增加值所占比重持续下降,产业结构逐步得到优化.二是提高了经济效率,从涉及到的造纸、食品、电力、炼焦、金属冶炼、非金属矿物制品业6个产业部门2006年和2007年的COD和SO_2的产污系数看,都比2005年有所降低.2006年和2007年,食品制造业的单位增加值COD排放量比2005年分别下降了6.6%和25.0%;金属冶炼及压延加工业的单位增加值SO_2排放量比2005年分别下降3.5%和6.9%.