喹啉及其衍生物微生物降解研究进展

喹啉类氮杂环化合物在水、土壤环境中普遍存在，受其污染的水、土壤环境生物修复是目前环境治理领域的重要课题。介绍了近年来喹啉类氮杂环化合物微生物降解的国内外研究进展，主要包括可利用喹啉类氮杂环化合物作为碳源、氮源和能源的微生物资源、微生物降解的有氧代谢和无氧代谢两大途径，以及喹啉类化合物的降解动力学。在此基础上，提出了需要进一步研究的方向。     

Nitrifiers activity and community characteristics under stress conditions in partial nitrification systems treating ammonium-rich wastewater

Long-term exposure of nitrifiers to high concentrations of free ammonia(FA) and free nitrous acid(FNA) may affect nitrifiers activity and nitrous oxide(N_2O) emission.Two sequencing batch reactors(SBRs) were operated at influent ammonium nitrogen(NH_4-N) concentrations of 800 mg/L(SBRH) and 335 mg/L(SBRL),respectively.The NH_4-N removal rates in SBRHand SBRLwere around 2.4 and 1.0 g/L/day with the nitritation efficiencies of 99.3% and 95.7%,respectively.In the simulated SBR cycle,the N_2O emission factors were 1.61% in SBRH and 2.30% in SBRL.N_2O emission was affected slightly by FA with the emission factor of0.22%–0.65%,while N_2O emission increased with increasing FNA concentrations with the emission factor of 0.22%–0.96%.The dominant ammonia oxidizing bacteria(AOB) were Nitrosomonas spp.in both reactors,and their relative proportions were 38.89% in SBRHand13.36% in SBRL.Within the AOB genus,a species(i.e.,operational taxonomic unit [OTU] 76) that was phylogenetically identical to Nitrosomonas europaea accounted for 99.07% and 82.04% in SBRHand SBRL,respectively.Additionally,OTU 215,which was related to Nitrosomonas stercoris,accounted for 16.77% of the AOB in SBRL.     

环糊精及其衍生物在毛细管电泳中的研究进展

介绍了环糊精及其衍生物的优点和毛细管电泳的应用情况,综述了近十年来环糊精及其衍生物用于毛细管电泳技术中对手性化合物进行分离分析的国内外发展状况,最后对其发展方向进行了展望。     

Tilt梯度在区域重力资料解释中的应用

线性构造识别是区域重力资料解释中的重要一步。本文介绍了用于探测重力异常边界和场源深度的Tilt梯度法;同时,应用Tdr零值线及±π/4曲线距离半值或零值与+π/4(或-π/4)曲线距离对研究区重力异常源的位置和埋深进行了推断,并把推断结果与区内大地电磁测深剖面解释成果进行了对比。结果表明,应用Tilt梯度对区域重力资料进行线性构造识别是可行的。     

几种酚衍生物对青海弧菌Q67毒性的3D-QSAR研究

测定了16种酚衍生物对青海弧菌(Q67)的半致死浓度EC50(mol·L-1),通过比较分子力场分析方法(CoMFA)和比较分子相似性指数分析方法(CoMSIA),对16种酚衍生物的毒性进行了三维定量结构-活性相关(3D-QSAR)研究,建立了CoMFA和CoMSIA模型.其中CoMFA模型交叉验证相关系数Q2=0.703,非交叉验证相关系数R2=0.983,F检验值F=178.635;CoMSIA模型交叉验证相关系数Q2=0.588,非交叉验证相关系数R2=0.946,F检验值F=52.074,所建立的模型均有较强的稳定性和良好的预测能力.通过分析比较CoMFA和CoMSIA的三维等势图,全面直观地了解了酚衍生物的结构对致毒性的影响.在酚类化合物毒性作用过程中,化合物的氢键供受体特性因素起主要作用,其次是取代基的电负性和疏水性特征.     

内源性气态SO2对血管的舒张作用及其机制Ⅱ：与亚硫酸盐的比较及SO2的内源产生与调节

为了探讨内源性气态SO2对血管的舒张作用及其机制,采用将气态SO2或SO2生理盐水溶液加入孵育液,使SO2分子直接作用于离体大鼠胸主动脉血管环的方法,对体内SO2的失活机制、正常生理浓度及其内源产生的体内调节等进行了研究,并对亚硫酸盐/亚硫酸氢盐能否作为"SO2供体"的问题进行了讨论.结果显示:1)气态SO(21~2000μmol·L-1)对血管的舒张作用是剂量依赖性的,且其舒血管作用远大于SO2衍生物(亚硫酸盐和亚硫酸氢盐),表明SO2衍生物是SO2信号作用失活的产物;2)SO2气体和SO2生理盐水溶液对大鼠血管的舒张作用强度相似,表明在SO2生理学或毒理学试验中二者可相互替代;3)正常大鼠胸主动脉血管组织和血浆中内源性SO2平均浓度分别为(127.76±31.34)和(16.77±8.24)μmol·L-1,表明血管组织SO2的浓度很高;4)内源性SO2在血管内皮和平滑肌细胞均可合成,但主要在血管内皮细胞合成;5)不论对大鼠体内血管组织还是对离体血管组织、体外培养的血管内皮和平滑肌细胞,乙酰胆碱(Ach)均能剂量依赖性地促进SO2的产生,而重酒石酸去甲肾上腺素(NE)能够抑制SO2产生.由此结论:1)SO2生理作用的失活途径为"气态SO2→亚硫酸盐/亚硫酸氢盐→硫酸盐",亚硫酸盐和亚硫酸氢盐混合液的作用并不能等同于内源性SO2的作用,不能作为体内、外处理生物组织的"SO2供体";2)直接应用SO2气体或者应用SO2生理盐水溶液代替SO2气体处理生物组织可作为内源性SO2生理学研究的新模式;3)血管组织SO2的浓度很高且主要在内皮细胞合成;4)SO2的生物合成也能被体内某些内源性物质(如Ach、NE)所调节.     

内源性气态SO2对血管的舒张作用及其机制Ⅲ：信号转导途径

为了从信号转导途径的角度探讨内源性气态SO2引起血管舒张的机制,采用将气态SO2或SO2生理盐水溶液加入孵育液的方法,使SO2分子直接作用于离体大鼠胸主动脉血管环,同时使用不同信号转导途径抑制剂,研究了内源性气态SO2诱发血管舒张的信号转导机制,并采用类比法研究了SO2对Krebs液pH的影响及其与血管舒张的关系.结果显示:1)内源性气态SO2对大鼠血管的舒张作用是SO2分子直接作用引起的,与SO2引起的pH值轻度降低无关;2)气态SO2在生理浓度和低浓度(<450μmol·L-1)引起的舒血管作用主要是通过NO/cGMP途径介导;3)很低浓度的气态SO(23μmol·L-1)和NO(3或5nmol·L-1)在引起血管舒张作用时有协同作用,二者在体内联合发挥对血管张力的调节作用.结论:1)SO2是血管组织的一种内源性气体舒张因子;2)SO2与NO可以协同调节血管张力,二者可能存在某种形式的交叉对话作用.     

Hierarchical modeling of the dilute transport of suspended sediment in open channels

We propose, discuss and validate a theoretical and numerical framework for sediment-laden, open-channel flows which is based on the two-fluid-model (TFM) equations of motion. The framework models involve mass and momentum equations for both phases (sediment and water) including the interactive forces of drag, lift, virtual mass and turbulent dispersion. The developed framework is composed by the complete two-fluid model (CTFM), a partial two-fluid model (PTFM), and a standard sediment-transport model (SSTM). Within the umbrella of the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, we apply K–ε type closures (standard and extended) to account for the turbulence in the carrier phase (water). We present the results of numerical computations undertaken by integrating the differential equations over control volumes. We address several issues of the theoretical models, especially those related to coupling between the two phases, interaction forces, turbulence closure and turbulent diffusivities. We compare simulation results with various recent experimental datasets for mean flow variables of the carrier as well as, for the first time, mean flow of the disperse phase and turbulence statistics. We show that most models analyzed in this paper predict the velocity of the carrier phase and that of the disperse phase within 10% of error. We also show that the PTFM provides better predictions of the distribution of sediment in the wall-normal direction as opposed to the standard Rousean profile, and that the CTFM is by no means superior to the PTFM for dilute mixtures. We additionally report and discuss the values of the Schmidt number found to improve the agreement between predictions of the distribution of suspended sediment and the experimental data.     

Multi-parameter renewal processes and simulation of forest fires

The concept of the renewal property is extended to processes indexed by a multidimensional time parameter. The definition given includes not only partial sum processes, but also Poisson processes and many other point processes whose jump points are not totally ordered. Various properties of renewal processes are discussed. Renewal processes are proposed as a basis for modelling the spread of a forest fire under a prevailing wind.