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991.
通过对生物陶粒工艺处理石油炼制废水技术的改进和研究,使出水不仅能够达到国家和地方排放标准要求,而且完全可以达到工业循环用水标准要求,取得了良好的经济效益和环境效益。 相似文献
992.
通过治理某厂差动齿轮箱壳体流水线中各类机床在生产过程中产生的金属粉尘,介绍了排风除尘系统的吸尘罩设计,排风量计算,风管管路布置以及除尘器和风机的选用等,系统运行结果表明,达到设计要求。 相似文献
993.
Chemical composition of aerosols in winter/spring in Beijing 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
In 1999 aerosol samples were collected by cascade at Meteorological Tower in Beijing.The 12 group aerosol samples obtained were analyzed using PIXE method,which resulted in 20 elemental concentrations and size distribution of elemental concentrations.From the observation,the elemental concentrations,size distribution of elemental concentrations and their variations are analyzed.It shows that concentrations of most elements in aerosols increase greatly compared with those in the past except that the concentrations of V,K,Sr,and the source of aerosols has changed greatly in the past decade.Fine mode aerosols increase more rapidly in the past decade,which may be due to the contribution of coal combustion and automobile exhaust.Pb contait in aerosol is much higher than that at the beginning of 1980s,and has a decreasing trend in recent years because of using non-leaded gasoling. 相似文献
994.
995.
Soil organic matter (SOM) has an important effect on the physicochemical status of highly weathered soils in the tropics. This work was conducted to determine the contribution of different SOM fractions to the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of a tropical soil and to study the effect of organic matter inputs of different biochemical composition on the CEC of SOM. Soil samples were collected from a 20-year-old arboretum established on a Ferric Lixisol, under seven multipurpose tree species: Afzelia africana, Dactyladenia barteri, Gliricidia sepium, Gmelina arborea, Leucaena leucocephala, Pterocarpus santalinoides, and Treculia africana. Fractions were obtained by wet sieving and sedimentation after ultrasonic dispersion. Relationships between CEC and pH were determined using the silver thiourea-method and were described by linear regression. The CEC of the fractions smaller than 0.053 mm was inversely related to their particle size: clay (<0.002 mm)>fine silt (0.002–0.02 mm)>coarse silt (0.02–0.053 mm), except for the soils under T. africana, D. barteri, and L. leucocephala, where the CEC of the fine silt fraction was highest or comparable to the CEC of the clay fraction. The clay and fine silt fractions were responsible for 76–90% of the soil CEC at pH 5.8. The contribution of the fine silt fraction to the CEC at pH 5.8 ranged from 35 to 50%, which stressed the importance of the fine silt fraction for the physicochemical properties of the soil. Differences in CEC between treatments for the whole soil and the fractions could be explained by the differences in carbon content. Except for the intercept for the clay fraction, SOM had a significant (P<0.001) contribution to both the intercepts (=estimated CEC at pH 0) and slopes (=pH-dependent charge) of the CEC–pH relationships for the whole soil and the fractions. The CEC of SOM at pH 5.8 varied between 283 cmolc kg−1 C for particulate organic matter, and 563 cmolc kg−1 C for the fine silt fraction. The biochemical composition of the organic inputs did not have an important effect on the CEC of SOM. In total, SOM was responsible for 75–85% of the CEC of these soils. 相似文献
996.
997.
普通旋风除尘器结构尺寸优化设计 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
以Leith设计法为基础,考虑除尘效率和压降等因素的影响,以除尘效率为理想目标,以一些流体力学特性和实际限制、经验值为约束,建立数学模型,用数学规划论的方法进行旋风除尘器结构尺寸的优化,以此设计的旋风除尘器应用到现场既可节约投资,又可降低能耗,设计方法通用性好. 相似文献
998.
Abstract: Estimating population size of elusive and rare species is challenging. The difficulties in catching such species has triggered the use of samples collected noninvasively, such as feces or hair, from which genetic analysis yields data similar to capture-mark-recapture (CMR) data. There are, however, two differences between classical CMR and noninvasive CMR. First, capture and recapture data are gathered over multiple sampling sessions in classical CMR, whereas in noninvasive CMR they can be obtained from a single sampling session. Second, because of genotyping errors and unlike classical CMR, there is no simple relationship between (genetic) marks and individuals in noninvasive CMR. We evaluated, through simulations, the reliability of population size estimates based on noninvasive CMR. For equal sampling efforts, we compared estimates of population size N obtained from accumulation curves, a maximum likelihood, and a Bayesian estimator. For a closed population and without sampling heterogeneity, estimates obtained from noninvasive CMR were as reliable as estimates from classical CMR. The sampling structure (single or multiple session) did not alter the results, the Bayesian estimator in the case of a single sampling session presented the best compromise between low mean squared error and a 95% confidence interval encompassing the parametric value of N in most simulations. Finally, when suitable field and lab protocols were used, genotyping errors did not substantially bias population size estimates (bias < 3.5% in all simulations). The ability to reliably estimate population size from noninvasive samples taken during a single session offers a new and useful technique for the management and conservation of elusive and rare species. 相似文献
999.
Martha M. Robbins Andrew M. Robbins Netzin Gerald-Steklis H. Dieter Steklis 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(6):919-931
Over the past few decades, socioecological models have been developed to explain the relationships between the ecological
conditions, social systems, and reproductive success of primates. Feeding competition, predation pressures, and risk of infanticide
are predicted to influence how female reproductive success (FRS) depends upon their dominance rank, group size, and mate choices.
This paper examines how those factors affected the reproductive success of female mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) of the Virunga Volcanoes, Rwanda from 1967–2004. Reproductive success was measured through analyses of interbirth intervals,
infant survival, and surviving infant birth rates using data from 214 infants born to 67 females. Mountain gorillas were predicted
to have “within-group scramble” feeding competition, but we found no evidence of lower FRS in larger groups, even as those
groups became two to five times larger than the population average. The gorillas are considered to have negligible “within-group
contest” competition, yet higher ranked mothers had shorter interbirth intervals. Infant survival was higher in multimale
groups, which was expected because infanticide occurs when the male dies in a one-male group. The combination of those results
led to higher surviving birth rates for higher ranking females in multimale groups. Overall, however, the socioecological
factors accounted for a relatively small portion of the variance in FRS, as expected for a species that feeds on abundant,
evenly distributed foliage. 相似文献
1000.
Demographic Responses by Birds to Forest Fragmentation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract: Despite intensive recent research on the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on bird populations, our understanding of underlying demographic causes of population declines is limited. We reviewed avian demography in relation to habitat fragmentation. Then, through a meta-analysis, we compared specific demographic responses by forest birds to habitat fragmentation, providing a general perspective of factors that make some species and populations more vulnerable to fragmentation than others. We obtained data from the scientific literature on dispersal, survival, fecundity, and nesting success of birds. Birds were divided into subgroups on the basis of region, nest site, biogeographical history, and migration strategy. Species most sensitive to fragmentation were ground- or open-nesters nesting in shrubs or trees. Residents were equally sensitive to fragmentation in the Nearctic and Palearctic regions, but Nearctic migrants were more sensitive than Palearctic migrants. Old World species were less sensitive than New World species, which was predicted based on the history of forest fragmentation on these two continents. Pairing success was the variable most associated with fragmentation, suggesting an important role of dispersal. Fledgling number or condition, timing of nesting, and clutch size were not associated with sensitivity to fragmentation, suggesting that negative fragmentation effects on birds do not generally result from diminished food resources with increasing level of fragmentation. Future studies on demographic responses of birds to habitat fragmentation would be more effective if based on a combination of measures that can distinguish among the demographic mechanisms underlying population changes related to habitat fragmentation. 相似文献