Modelling concentrations of airborne primary and secondary PM10 and PM2.5 with the BelEUROS-model in Belgium

The Eulerian Chemistry-Transport Model BelEUROS was used to calculate the concentrations of airborne PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 over Europe. Both primary as well as secondary particulate matter in the respirable size-range was taken into account. Especially PM_2.5 aerosols are often formed in the atmosphere from gaseous precursor compounds. Comprehensive computer codes for the calculation of gas phase chemical reactions and thermodynamic equilibria between compounds in the gas-phase and the particulate phase had been implemented into the BelEUROS-model. Calculated concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 are compared to observations, including both the spatial and daily, temporal distribution of particulate matter in Belgium for certain monitoring locations and periods. The concentrations of the secondary compounds ammonium, nitrate and sulfate have also been compared to observed values. BelEUROS was found to reproduce the observed concentrations rather well. The model was applied to assess the contribution of emissions derived from the sector agriculture in Flanders, the northern part of Belgium, to PM₁₀- and PM_2.5-concentrations. The results demonstrate the importance of ammonia emissions in the formation of secondary particulate matter. Hence, future European emission abatement policy should consider more the role of ammonia in the formation of secondary particles.     

无机矿质颗粒悬浮物对富营养化水体氨氮的吸附特性

利用蒙脱土、高岭土和太湖沉积物矿质组分3种材料,模拟研究了水体悬浮矿质颗粒物对富营养化水体中氨氮的吸附特性.实验表明,30min内3种材料对氨氮的吸附基本可达到平衡;等温平衡吸附均符合Henry吸附模式,在无机矿质颗粒悬浮物浓度1000mg/L,初始氨氮浓度1.0mg/L,pH=7.00实验条件下,吸附分配系数分别依次为548.30,287.36,191.27L/kg.相同实验条件下,随着pH、盐度和温度的增大或升高,矿质颗粒对氨氮的平衡吸附量均有不同程度的减小趋势,pH的影响较显著.随着悬浮颗粒物浓度在1000mg/L以下范围增大,固相氨氮平衡吸附量显著减小.     

A critical review on lead migration, transformation and emission control in Chinese coal‐fired power plants

Coal is widely utilized as an important energy source, but coal-fired power plant was considered to be an important anthropogenic lead emission source. In the present study, the distribution characteristics of lead in coal and combustion by-products are reviewed. Specifically, lead is mainly transferred to ash particles and the formation and migration mechanisms of particulate lead are summarized. Also, targeted measures are proposed to control the formation of fine particulate lead as well as to increase the removal efficiency during the low-temperature flue gas clean process. In detail, interactions between gaseous lead and some coal-bearing minerals or added adsorbents could obviously suppress the formation of fine particulate lead. On the other hand, some efforts (including promoting capture of fine particles, reducing resistivity of particles and strengthening the gas-liquid contact) could be made to improve the fine particulate lead removal capacity. Notably, the formation mechanism of fine particulate lead is still unclear due to the limitations of research methods. Some differences in the removal principles of fine particles and particulate lead make the lead emission precisely control a great challenge. Finally, the environmental potential risk of lead emission from flue gas and ash residues is addressed and further discussed.     

长江口南岸水体SPM和表层沉积物中OCPs的赋存

利用GC-ECD对长江口南岸14个采样点水体悬浮颗粒物(SPM)及表层沉积物进行了有机氯农药(OCPs)的测定,分析了其中HCHs和DDTs的赋存水平和形态分布.研究表明,OCPs的含量水平有DDTs>HCHs的趋势;悬浮物中污染物浓度高于表层沉积物.悬浮物中HCHs污染水平分布在6.24～14.75ng/g,平均值为12.27ng/g;DDTs的污染水平为3.36～25.66ng/g,平均值为16.37ng/g.而表层沉积物中HCHs含量为1.19～8.22ng/g,平均值5.92ng/g;DDTs的含量水平为4.96～14.94ng/g,平均值为8.92ng/g.研究区内OCPs的含量低于ER-M值,对环境生物具有潜在的危害性.     

Smoke-haze pollution: a review of the 1997 episode in Southeast Asia

In the second half of 1997, large areas in Southeast Asia were severely affected by a smoke-haze pollution episode caused by the emissions of an estimated 45,600 km² of vegetation that burnt on the Indonesian islands Kalimantan and Sumatra. To document the impacts of these fires on air quality, data for total suspended particulate matter (TSP) and for particulate matter below or equal to 10 microns in diameter (PM₁₀) from selected sites in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore are analysed in this paper. These data are supplemented by meteorological data, satellite images and a summary of related research. TSP was above 2,000 μg m^–3 for several days in Indonesian locations close to the most extensive fire activity. In Malaysia and Singapore, ambient particle concentrations increased to several times their average September levels. Characteristically for emissions from vegetation burning, the additional atmospheric particle loading during the smoke-haze episode was predominantly due to an increase of the fraction below or equal to 2.5 microns in diameter (PM_2.5). Due to the dominance of respirable particles (PM_2.5) in the smoke-haze, air quality reporting based on TSP or PM₁₀ may be inadequate to assess the health risk. Upgrading of PM_2.5 monitoring facilities is therefore needed. Reducing the probability of similar smoke-haze events in future would require appropriate fire use and smoke management strategies. Electronic Publication     

Relevant organic components in ambient particulate matter collected at Svalbard Islands (Norway)

n-Alkanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanoic acids present in the inhalable fraction of airborne particles have been determined at the Italian scientific base sited in the area of Ny Alesund, Spitzbergen Island, Norway. Both the profiles of n-alkane and polynuclear aromatic congeners among the respective classes showed that anthropogenic sources were responsible for the presence of particulate organics in the atmosphere there, since the monomodal distribution of aliphatics and the fresh-emission shape of PAH fraction were observed. The total contents of n-alkanes and PAH ranged from 19 to 97 ng m⁻³ and from 0.6 to 2.0 ng m⁻³, respectively; n-alkanoic acids reached 6 ng m⁻³. The occurrence of nitrated-PAH of photochemical origin at trace extent (i.e. nitrated-fluoranthenes and nitropyrenes) has been also observed. Since the occurrence of OH radicals is required together with NO_x for the processes leading to the generation of 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene would start, the detection of these nitrated species revealed the occurrence of photochemical processes in that region.     

电压强度对污泥电脱水效能及滤液有机物特征的影响

为优化污泥电脱水过程控制及明确其关键影响因素,考察了不同电压强度（0、15、35和55 V）对污泥电脱水效果的影响,并基于三维荧光光谱和分子质量分布的分析,研究了阴阳两极滤液中溶解性有机物的含量和组分变化。研究结果表明,随着电压强度增加,污泥脱水效果得到提升,在55 V电压强度下,阳极脱除滤液量相较于无电压作用下的48 mL增加到60 mL,阴极滤液量由对照的90 mL增加到102 mL。电场的作用可使污泥絮体中蛋白质类大分子有机物向阴极迁移。因此,电场辅助具有提升机械压滤脱水效果的作用,这种作用与电场作用下污泥絮体中蛋白质类有机物的迁移有关,并且,电压越强,这种作用越显著。而蛋白质的迁移导致其对水分子的束缚以及絮体间的静电平衡的改变,可能是污泥机械脱水效率得到提升的重要原因。     

Sources of PM10 and PM2.5 in Cairo’s ambient air

A source attribution study was performed to assess the contributions of specific pollutant source types to the observed particulate matter (PM) levels in the greater Cairo Area using the chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model. Three intensive ambient monitoring studies were carried out during the period of February 21–March 3, 1999, October 27–November 27, 1999, and June 8–June 26, 2002. PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured on a 24-h basis at six sampling stations during each of the intensive periods. The six intensive measurement sites represented background levels, mobile source impacts, industrial impacts, and residential exposure. Major contributors to PM₁₀ included geological material, mobile source emissions, and open burning. PM_2.5 tended to be dominated by mobile source emissions, open burning, and secondary species. This paper presents the results of the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, source contribution estimates.     

PS无酸高级氧化工艺深度处理制浆造纸废水的工程应用

相较于Fenton高级氧化深度处理造纸废水,PS无酸高级氧化技术具有无需调节进水pH,药剂稳定等优点。基于此,以某造纸厂废水PS无酸高级氧化处理工程为依托,系统分析了该技术的工艺特点,研究了过硫酸钠、硫酸亚铁、氢氧化钠、聚合氯化铝等处理药剂用量与水量、进水负荷、COD去除量之间的关系。连续运行数据表明,高级氧化深度处理进水COD平均值为116 mg·L⁻¹,出水COD平均值为47 mg·L⁻¹,可稳定保持在60 mg·L⁻¹以下。过硫酸钠、硫酸亚铁、氢氧化钠及聚合氯化铝的平均投加量分别为0.06、0.12、0.09和0.095 kg·m⁻³(以单位水量计),硫酸亚铁和过硫酸钠的投加摩尔比例为2.0~3.0。采用UV-vis光谱、三维荧光和气相质谱等指纹图谱分析手段对深度处理水样中溶解性有机物(DOM)特性进行了分析,结果表明,中小分子质量的DOM物质比例有所提高,芳香族难生物降解污染物和类腐殖酸均得到了有效降解。此外,对PS无酸高级氧化技术进行了系统工艺分析。以上研究结果可为废水处理中新型高级氧化技术的应用提供参考。     

基于Landsat 8影像估算新安江水库总悬浮物浓度

总悬浮物(total suspended matter,TSM)直接决定着水下光场分布,进而影响水体的初级生产力,其浓度也是水质和水环境评价的重要参数之一.本研究构建了基于Landsat 8影像数据的较为清洁的新安江水库TSM的遥感估算模型,并给出了该水体TSM浓度的空间分布特征.结果表明,对该水体TSM浓度较为敏感波段为Landsat 8第二、三和八波段,线性相关的决定系数分别为0.37、0.51和0.42.然而,以上任何一个波段都无法单独用于准确地提取该区TSM浓度,而利用以上3个波段构建的多元回归模型能够给出较为准确的估算结果,模型决定系数为0.92,平均相对误差为11%,均方根误差为0.16mg·L-1.新安江水库TSM浓度整体较低,变化范围为0.04~24.54 mg·L-1,平均浓度为2.19 mg·L-1.高浓度部分位于湖的边缘区以及一些湖湾枝杈,如:枫树岭水域、汾口水域、威坪水域、安阳水域、大墅水域、临岐水域等,主要是受入湖河流以及邻近水域采砂活动的影响.因此研究认为利用Landsat 8数据的3个波段,采用多元回归模型能够较好地估算较清洁水体的TSM浓度.