Large inter annual variation in air quality during the annual festival ‘Diwali' in an Indian megacity

A network of air quality and weather monitoring stations was established under the System of Air Quality Forecasting and Research(SAFAR) project in Delhi. We report observations of ozone(O_3), nitrogen oxides(NO_x), carbon monoxide(CO) and particulate matter(PM_2.5and PM_(10)) before, during and after the Diwali in two consecutive years, i.e., November 2010 and October 2011. The Diwali days are characterised by large firework displays throughout India. The observations show that the background concentrations of particulate matter are between 5 and 10 times the permissible limits in Europe and the United States. During the Diwali-2010, the highest observed PM_(10) and PM_2.5mass concentration is as high as2070 μg/m~3 and 1620 μg/m3, respectively(24 hr mean), which was about 20 and 27 times to National Ambient Air Quality Standards(NAAQS). For Diwali-2011, the increase in PM_(10) and PM_2.5mass concentrations was much less with their peaks of 600 and of 390 μg/m~3 respectively, as compared to the background concentrations. Contrary to previous reports,firework display was not found to strongly influence the NO_x, and O_3 mixing ratios, with the increase within the observed variability in the background. CO mixing ratios showed an increase. We show that the large difference in 2010 and 2011 pollutant concentrations is controlled by weather parameters.     

基于技术的水泥工业大气颗粒物排放清单

针对我国水泥工业的生产技术及生产过程中的大气颗粒物排放控制技术分类,建立了一个基于技术、自下而上的大气颗粒物排放模型.通过分析我国水泥工业不同生产工艺所占比重的历史变化趋势,以及不同时期水泥工业大气颗粒物控制标准的影响,利用此模型计算了1990-2004年全国水泥工业大气颗粒物的排放系数和排放量.我国水泥工业的大气颗粒物的排放系数由1990年的27.9 kg·t-1水泥下降至2004年的8.05 kg·t-1水泥;大气颗粒物排放量自1990年起逐年增加,于1997年达到最高值l 044×104t,其中PM10排放量为716 X 104 t,PM2 5排放量为436×104t;此后逐年降低,到2001年后又有缓慢增加.我国水泥工业大气颗粒物排放量的地理分布很不均衡,山东、广东、河北、江苏、浙江和河南的排放量超过了全国总排放量的50%.新型干法水泥生产线替代立窑生产线的进程以及2004年<水泥工业大气污染物排放标准>的颁布将很可能大幅降低我国水泥工业的大气颗粒物排放量,从而在很大程度上影响我国的大气颗粒物污染特征.     

Formation mechanism and control strategy for particulate nitrate in China

Over the past decade, fine particulate matter (PM) pollution in China has been abated significantly, benefiting from strict emission control measures, but particulate nitrate continues to rise. Here, we review the progress in particulate nitrate (pNO₃⁻) pollution characterization, nitrate formation mechanisms, and the proposed control strategies in China. The spatial and temporal distributions of pNO₃⁻ are summarized. The current status of knowledge on the chemical mechanism is updated, and the significance of its formation pathways is assessed by various approaches such as field observation and modelling of nitrate production rate, as well as isotopic analysis. The factors impacting pNO₃⁻ formation and the corresponding pollution regulation strategies are discussed, in which the importance of atmospheric oxidation capacity and ammonia are addressed. Finally, the challenges and open questions in pNO₃⁻ pollution control in China are outlined.     

Impacts of pollution heterogeneity on population exposure in dense urban areas using ultra-fine resolution air quality data

Traditional air quality data have a spatial resolution of 1 km or above, making it challenging to resolve detailed air pollution exposure in complex urban areas. Combining urban morphology, dynamic traffic emission, regional and local meteorology, physicochemical transformations in air quality models using big data fusion technology, an ultra-fine resolution modeling system was developed to provide air quality data down to street level. Based on one-year ultra-fine resolution data, this study investigated the effects of pollution heterogeneity on the individual and population exposure to particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and ozone (O₃) in Hong Kong, one of the most densely populated and urbanized cities. Sharp fine-scale variabilities in air pollution were revealed within individual city blocks. Using traditional 1 km average to represent individual exposure resulted in a positively skewed deviation of up to 200% for high-end exposure individuals. Citizens were disproportionally affected by air pollution, with annual pollutant concentrations varied by factors of 2 to 5 among 452 District Council Constituency Areas (DCCAs) in Hong Kong, indicating great environmental inequities among the population. Unfavorable city planning resulted in a positive spatial coincidence between pollution and population, which increased public exposure to air pollutants by as large as 46% among districts in Hong Kong. Our results highlight the importance of ultra-fine pollutant data in quantifying the heterogeneity in pollution exposure in the dense urban area and the critical role of smart urban planning in reducing exposure inequities.     

青岛市大气环境中颗粒物污染及防治对策

本文研究青岛市大气环境中颗粒物的污染状况及其发展趋势,并对污染原因进行了探索与分析.本文为青岛市大气环境中颗粒物污染防治,提供了科学的依据和有效的防治对策.     

Comparison of inorganic chemical compositions of atmospheric TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 in northern and southern Chinese coastal cities

To compare the inorganic chemical compositions of TSP(total suspended paniculate),PM_(10)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) and PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) in southern and northern cities in China,atmospheric particles were synchronously collected in Dalian(the northern city)and Xiamen(the southern city) in spring and autumn of 2004.The mass concentrations,twenty-three elements and nine soluble ions were assessed.The results show that in Dalian,the mass concentrations of Mg,Al,Ca,Mn and Fe in spring were 4.0-10.1,2.6-8.0,4.1-12,1.2-3.6 and 2.9-7.9 times higher,respectively,than those in Xiamen.The dust storm influence is more obvious in Dalian in spring.However,in Xiamen,heavy metals accounted for 13.9%-17.9%of TSP,while heavy metals contributed to 5.5%-9.3%of TSP in Dalian.These concentrations suggest that heavy metal pollution in Xiamen was more serious.In addition,the concentrations of Na~+,Cl~-,Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) were higher in Dalian due to the influence of marine aerosol,construction activities and soil dust.The NO~(3-)/SO_4~(2-) ratios in Dalian(0.25-0.49) were lower than those in Xiamen(0.51-0.62),indicating that the contributions of vehicle emission to particles in Xiamen were higher.Coefficient of divergence values was higher than 0.40,implying that the inorganic chemical composition profiles for the particles of Dalian and Xiamen were quite different from each other.     

防渗型生物滞留中试系统降雨径流水质与三维荧光特征

构建了两套防渗型生物滞留中试系统,在2017年3~4月期间,跟踪监测了系统在低温小强度降雨条件下的径流水质特点,并同步分析了降雨径流的三维荧光光谱特征.系统降雨径流水质监测结果表明,经系统净化后,出水污染物浓度波动较小,对NH_4~+-N和TP均有相对稳定的去除效率,可分别达到78.38%~95.03%和72.04%~76.04%.荧光光谱特征分析表明,生物滞留系统出水中的主要溶解性有机物(dissolved organic matters,DOMs)为蛋白类物质和类腐殖质物质,主要来自生物或水生细菌代谢物;系统对于Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区蛋白类荧光有机物和类富里酸具有较好的去除效果,去除率可分别达到57.33%~61.30%、29.82%~31.28%和35.55%~43.16%.径流水质与DOMs相关性分析表明,系统径流出水中的TN、TP和TOC均与芳香类蛋白质含量呈显著正相关关系,而NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N与芳香类蛋白质含量呈显著负相关关系;TN浓度均与Ⅳ区DOMs(微生物代谢产物)和V区DOMs(类胡敏酸)呈显著负相关关系.     

结合激光雷达分析2014年春季南京地区一次大气污染过程

利用环境监测数据、气象数据以及数值模拟结果,结合激光雷达数据反演的气溶胶消光系数,分析了2014年5月26日至6月1日南京地区一次典型的大气污染过程.本次污染过程受到外源性沙尘和烟尘输入以及本地污染排放叠加影响.气象因素对污染物的生消起到了重要作用,低压、逆温等因素阻碍污染物扩散,最终强降雨的出现使本次污染过程终结.整个污染过程中大气边界层高度偏低且变化不大,大气形势稳定,污染物扩散困难.激光雷达可以有效探测气溶胶的垂直分层结构,能直观准确地反映出污染物的分布聚集情况以及时空变化,对大气污染监测具有重要意义.     

垃圾填埋场挥发性有机物研究

采用USEPATO-15方法对某垃圾填埋场填埋作业区、填埋场边界及周围敏感点大气中的挥发性有机物进行监测,研究垃圾填埋场挥发性有机物的成分特征和空间分布规律。     

城市主要大气污染物时空分布特征及其相关性

为制订合理的大气污染物减排措施,利用中国环境监测总站公布的2015年1-12月299座城市实时发布的环境空气颗粒物（PM_2.5和PM₁₀）及气态污染物（CO、NO₂和SO₂）的质量浓度数据,对其进行了时空分布特征及其相关性研究.结果表明:① 2015年城市环境空气颗粒物污染严重,299座城市的ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）年均值分别主要集中在25~60和40~110 μg/m3,年均值达到GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准的城市所占比例分别仅为24%和38%.② 城市大气污染物浓度具有明显的季节性特征,基本呈冬季>春秋季>夏季的趋势,其中冬季ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（CO）、ρ（NO₂）、ρ（SO₂）分别为（73±27）（114±42）（1.49±0.61）（36±14）（42±33）μg/m3.③ 高ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）主要集中在华北平原,年均值分别为（70±16）（117±22）μg/m3;高ρ（CO）主要出现在山西省,年均值为（1.76±0.48）mg/m3;高ρ（NO₂）主要分布在京津冀、山东省和长江三角洲,年均值分别为（42±6）（39±9）（34±8）μg/m3;高ρ（SO₂）主要分布在山西、山东两省,年均值分别为（54±10）（41±16）μg/m3.④ Pearson相关系数研究表明,我国城市环境空气颗粒物与气态污染物具有较强的复合性,并且具有秋冬季明显强于春夏季的季节性特征.研究显示,我国城市大气污染具有较强的季节性、区域性与复合性,在降低环境空气颗粒物浓度的同时,对气态污染物的削减也不容忽视.