SiO2纳米颗粒对小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长活性的影响

从Si02纳米颗粒对小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长活性的影响来探讨纳米材料的生物安全性问题.结果表明Si02纳米颗粒降低了小球藻的生物量和蛋白含量,并可以附着在细胞表面和进入细胞内部,造成了细胞的形变和结构损伤,从而抑制了小球藻的正常生长活性.Si02纳米颗粒对小球藻具有一定的毒性效应.     

东湖生态学研究慨况

以长江中下游流域具代表性的武汉东湖为基地对其生态学进行了长期的观测和系统研究．详细地阐述了氮、磷在水体中分布、转移及积累,浮游植物的演替,浮游植物初级生产力及其对鱼产潜力的估算,浮游动物现存量和生产量,有机碎屑在生态系统中的功能和鱼类放养对生态系统的下行效应等     

排放生活污水对红树林底栖动物群落季节变化的影响

经过两年的试验,研究了福田红树林中底栖大型动物群落的季节变化特征以及生活污水的排灌对其造成的可能影响。结果表明,红树区底栖大型动物群落总平均生物量的季节变化是不显著的（P>0.05）。总平均栖息密度明显地在1月和7月出现两个高峰,总体和软体动物的栖息密度出现显著的季节变化（P<0.01）。红树林断面经60m³/周的生活污水处理16个月,与对照断面相比,排污对底栖动物群落总的及其组成成份生物量和栖息密度的季节变化未造成显著影响（P>0.05）。但在排放污水断面的前端出现了一些污水性生物种类。     

Effects of paternal care on reproductive success in the polygynous spotless starling Sturnus unicolor

For males of socially polygynous avian species like the spotless starling, there may exist a trade-off between investing in paternal care and controlling several nests. To determine how the intensity of paternal care affects reproductive success per brood sired or expressed as the total number of young raised in all nests controlled by the same male, it is necessary to manipulate paternal care. Testosterone (T) has been shown to depress the tendency for males to care for their young, and induces them to acquire more mates. The effects of paternal care on reproductive success were studied by treating certain male starlings with exogenous T and others with the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate (CA), and comparing the parental behavior of T- and CA-males throughout the breeding season with that of controls. CA-males fed their chicks more during the first week after hatching than T-males, with controls feeding at intermediate rates, both on a per nest basis and as total effort for all nests controlled by the same male. Paternal feeding rates during the first week of chick life had a significant positive effect on the number of fledged young. The hormone treatment significantly affected the number of chicks raised per nest, CA-males having a higher breeding success per nest than T-males, and controls showing intermediate levels of success. There was no significant effect of treatment on total reproductive success attained by males throughout the season. In the polygonous spotless starling, the intensity of paternal care of young affects reproductive success per nest positively but not on a seasonal basis. Received: 6 February 1999 / Received in revised form: 30 June 1999 / Accepted: 11 July 1999     

Main particulate matter components in Saxony (Germany)

Aerosol filter samples have been collected nearby the industrialised basin of Leipzig in Saxony (Germany) at the research station Melpitz of the Institut für Troposphärenforschung e.V. (IfT). Time series (1992–1998) and a three year comparison (1995–1997) of two different aerosol filter sampling systems, the Sierra-Andersen-PM 10 high volume sampler (daily sample, PM 10 inlet) and the Rupprecht and Patashnik Co. Inc. Model Partisol 2000 (weekly sample, PM 10 and PM 2.5 inlet) are presented and discussed. The comparison of the different sampling systems and strategies yields small differences between the daily and weekly samples for mass and different ions, which may be influenced by sampling duration and flow rates. A general trend of change in aerosol composition was observed: Soot and Sulphate concentrations decreased whereas Nitrate and Ammonium concentrations increased. During summers the mass of coarse particles is higher than in other seasons. One reason could be found in the occurence of longer periods of dry ground surfaces enabling reemission of crustal and biological material. The time series have been integrated in a longer historical aerosol mass trend for Saxony and do show a good agreement. Since 1990 a significant downward trend in gravimetric mass concentration was found.     

农药对藻类的生态毒理学研究Ⅰ:毒性效应

随着现代农业的发展,世界范围内使用的农药品种越来越多,用量不断增加。农药对非靶生物的影响以及农药残留导致环境污染,造成生态系统结构和功能的破坏,早已受到了国内外的广泛关注。有关农药对生态系统中消费者类群毒性效应的研究较多。近年来,农药对于生态系统初级生产者－ 藻类的毒性及其生态毒理学的研究倍受重视。大力开展这方面的研究对于深入了解农药在生态系统中的迁移、转化及整体生态效应以及农药的生态风险评价无疑具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。本文综述了近年来国内外有关农药对单种藻类和藻类群落的毒性效应,影响毒性的环境因子。     

矿物超细颗粒的形成机制、结构特征及其环境行为和效应

矿物超细颗粒在自然环境中普遍存在,具有独特的环境行为和效应,对元素地球化学循环、污染物迁移转化和生态环境演变等有重要影响.矿物超细颗粒的环境行为和效应与其形成过程和结构特征密切相关.综述了物理、化学和生物过程驱动的矿物超细颗粒的形成机制,介绍了用于表征矿物超细颗粒结构特征的显微镜、光谱、质谱和同步辐射技术,分析了矿物超细颗粒在环境中的迁移转化及其与污染物的吸附、氧化还原和催化转化作用,总结了矿物超细颗粒的食物链积累、生物和生态毒性等环境效应,并对颗粒结晶路径、风险管控和微纳界面调控等重要研究方向进行了展望.超细颗粒是连接微观物质与宏观矿物晶体之间的桥梁,全面认识复杂基质中矿物颗粒的环境属性及其与污染物的微观作用机制,有助于指导矿物超细颗粒在环境污染修复中的应用,从而优化功能材料的设计,促进绿色低碳纳米技术的发展.     

考虑水流-结构强耦合作用的水流动力效应分析

在深水桥墩及桩基础等结构地震反应中,地震激励下的水流动水压力对水中结构的作用以及结构位形变化对水体的反作用,属于典型的流固强界面耦合问题.以一顶端伸出水面的圆柱式结构为研究对象,基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉描述的Navier-stokes方程,建立了考虑水流-结构强耦合效应的水流-结构三维有限元模型.以正弦位移波输入,考察结...     

市政污泥热解过程中重金属迁移特性及环境效应评估

以昆明某市政污泥为原料,研究生物炭制备过程中重金属Fe、Zn、Mn和Ni的迁移特性,并基于其潜在环境风险确定污泥基生物炭制备的最佳热解温度.本实验选择总量较高的4种重金属Fe、Zn、Mn和Ni,采用BCR提取法测定不同热解温度下4种重金属的形态和含量变化,得到各金属的形态分布变化规律和迁移路径,利用潜在生态风险指数（PERI）和风险评估代码（RAC）对污泥基生物炭进行环境风险评估.结果表明,4种金属的易挥发程度排序为Zn > Mn > Fe > Ni,4种金属形态分布情况和变化规律各不相同,但迁移路径具有共通性.在低温热解阶段,不稳定形态向稳定形态转化;随着温度的升高,可氧化态和残渣态逐步分解破碎,部分逸散到大气中,部分形成可还原态.在环境风险评估方面,高温条件（>500℃）下制备的生物炭环境风险较低,500℃制备的生物炭经济性最好.     

淡水沉积物中Cd和Cu对河蚬的毒性效应研究

以淡水底栖动物河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)为受试生物,研究了淡水沉积物中重金属Cd和Cu对河蚬的12h挖洞行为和10d存活率的影响.结果表明,河蚬对加标Cd和Cu的淡水沉积物均产生了明显的规避行为.在12h挖洞行为试验中,河蚬对沉积物中Cd的污染反应比Cu更加灵敏,暴露于Cd和Cu的10mg/kg的沉积物中时,河蚬的挖洞比率分别为0.39和0.43.在10d存活率试验中,河蚬的存活率随沉积物中Cd和Cu浓度的升高而降低.在Cd加标浓度为10mg/kg的沉积物中,河蚬的存活率为93.3%,当Cd加标浓度达到300mg/kg时,河蚬存活率降为43.3%;在Cu加标浓度为10mg/kg的沉积物中,河蚬存活率为96.3%;而当Cu加标浓度达到500mg/kg时,河蚬存活率降为34.3%.加标Cd和Cu的两种淡水沉积物对河蚬的LC₅₀分别为285、690mg/kg,表明河蚬对Cd的毒性反应更加灵敏.比较河蚬的挖洞行为和存活率对重金属Cd和Cu的指示作用,挖洞行为比存活率更加快捷,对沉积物中Cd和Cu的指示作用更加明显,故在沉积物重金属污染监测中应优先考虑挖洞行为.