环境质量消费的经济学分析

以理性经济人，环境质量的需求和供给可以充分市场化，环境质量与地租正相关为理论假并把消费者抽象为高，低收入两个团体，通过建立理论模型来探讨消费者收入水平，环境质量的供给特性和环境质量消 这间的一般规律，结果表明（１）消费者收为公共物品，它 给方式也影响实际消费，由于环境质量存在空间差异，这种影响可以通过空间迁移选择来体现；（４）政府通过管理来调控环境质量供给，需求和消费的再分配。     

加强环境污染事故的应急监测

阐述污染事故处理和应急监测的重要性,指出污染事故特征、危害和处理方法;论述了应急监测的组织机构、运行机制、监测方法和监测仪器的配备情况,建议环保部门在提高应急监测的同时,积极开展研究应急监测的分析方法、标准以及发展规划。     

Prior experience with eggs laid by non-nestmate queens induces egg acceptance errors in ant workers

We studied the effect of prior experience to eggs laid by nestmate and non-nestmate queens on the acceptance of queen-laid eggs by worker wood ants, Formica fusca. We transferred eggs from a non-nestmate queen into colonies during early spring, when their own queen was recommencing egg laying. A few weeks later, workers from these “experienced” colonies accepted eggs of both familiar (44% acceptance) and unfamiliar (40%) non-nestmate queens much more than workers from control colonies (2%) that had only had previous contact with their own queen’s eggs. Thus, prior exposure to eggs laid by a non-nestmate queen induces much greater acceptance of all non-nestmate queen-laid eggs. Mechanistically, we hypothesize that exposure to eggs from several queens may increase acceptance by causing a highly permissive acceptance threshold of non-nestmate queen-laid eggs rather than by widening the template for acceptable queen-laid eggs. These novel results show that egg-discrimination behaviour in F. fusca is flexible and that workers respond to the diversity of eggs experienced in their colony.     

基于疲劳模式识别的VDT作业工间休息机制*

为保障作业人员身心健康和作业效率,运用E-Prime软件模拟认知性VDT持续作业,通过方差分析提出作业疲劳综合评价指标体系,并使用客观绩效指标和生理指标作为输入变量,主观疲劳综合指数作为输出变量,训练BP神经网络,对作业疲劳进行模式识别;提出认知性VDT持续作业工间休息机制。结果表明:通过正确反应时间、注视时间、瞳孔直径、眨眼频率4项指标,对VDT持续作业疲劳进行模式识别的结果可信度较高。因此,基于上述4项指标提出的工间休息机制客观有效。     

基于贝叶斯估计的多探测器火警判定方法研究*

为应对感烟探测器的大量误报对消防应急响应带来的挑战,考虑目前以感烟探测器为主的火警设施误报率高且短期内难以全部更换的特点,提出基于贝叶斯估计的多探测器火警判定方法,通过多个探测器的报警时间间隔计算火源位置的后验概率分布,并提出火警真实度概念,为火警判定提供依据。结果表明:使用多探测器耦合模型时每增加1个探测器可将误报率降低约4个数量级,该方法在探测器正常、部分失效、误报的情景下均能有效判别火警。     

属性识别理论模型在福州市大气环境质量评价中的应用

阐述了评价大气环境质量的属性识别法,介绍了属性识别理论模型和属性权重的确定方法,并根据GB3095-1996《大气环境质量标准》,采用属性识别理论模型对福州市2001年至2006年的大气环境质量进行了综合评价。结果表明：福州市的大气环境质量2001年是Ⅱ级,2002至2006福州的大气环境质量均为Ⅰ级。属性识别理论概念清晰,计算简单,评价结果比较客观。使属性识别理论模型在大气环境质量综合评价方面取得了较好的运用。     

属性识别理论模型在生态工业园综合评价中的应用

属性识剐理论模型是近年提出来的一种数学模型,它已成功地用于质量评价中。现将该模型;1用到生态工业固综合评价中,运用所建模型对生态工业因进行了二级综合评价与实例分析,并与模糊综合评价模型相对照;实例分析结果表明,用属性识别理论模型评价的结果比用模糊综合评价模型评价的结果更加客观、合理,更能反映真实情况,而且计算简单,可用于不同类型生态工业园的综合评价,为生态工业园综合评价提供了一种简便实用的新方法。同时可为生态工业园的建设和管理提供科学参考依据。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila melanogaster</Emphasis> virgins are more likely to mate with strangers than familiar flies

Recent evidence shows that females of many species can discriminate against males and/or male phenotypes they have mated with previously. However, these studies have not tested whether actual mating is necessary to induce the avoidance behaviour. A preference for strangers may have evolved because it avoids multiple matings with similar genotypes. Alternatively, there may be selection against mating with familiar individuals directly. By choosing its first mate among unfamiliar individuals (which are less likely close relatives than are those encountered early in life), a virgin might disentangle some of the potential benefits of avoiding genetic incompatibility and inbreeding in the offspring from the costs of remating. In this study, we test whether Drosophila melanogaster flies bias their mate choice towards strangers according to previous, non-copulatory, experience. Based on 173 trials over 12 weeks, virgin females presented with two virgin males were 59% more likely to mate with a novel male than the one which she had been housed with for 8 h the day before. Hence we present the first report showing that a dipteran can distinguish between previously encountered and not previously encountered conspecifics.     

Kin recognition and cannibalistic behaviours by adult male fathead minnows (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pimephales promelas</Emphasis>)

Parental care is an energetically demanding activity that ensures genes are efficiently passed from one generation to the next. According to evolutionary theory, the greatest energetic investment should be directed towards offspring that are most closely related to the parent. Male fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, provide this parental investment to developing embryos but not newly hatched larvae. Therefore, selection should favour recognition of embryonic kin to ensure energetic expenditure is optimally invested. In this study, adult male fathead minnows were tested using behavioural assays, with egg cannibalism as an endpoint, to determine whether adult males could discriminate between related and unrelated embryos. Egg cannibalism was highest when adult male fathead minnows were presented with unrelated eggs and lowest when presented with eggs fertilized by the test subject (related eggs). The degree of cannibalism was also a function of breeding status. Unrelated males in breeding condition showed an intermediate response between the low cannibalism demonstrated by related males and the high cannibalism demonstrated by unrelated males in a nonbreeding condition. These results suggest that although male fathead minnows can discriminate between unrelated and related embryos, at least some component of parental investment is a simple function of breeding status.     

Chemically mediated burrow recognition in the Mexican tarantula <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brachypelma vagans</Emphasis> female

Chemically mediated communication is common in spiders but has been poorly studied in burrowing tarantulas. This study aimed to determine whether chemical cues influence the behaviour of females of Brachypelma vagans, a Mexican species of tarantula, during encounters with previously inhabited burrows or with extracts from the silk of conspecific females. In laboratory choice tests, female tarantulas entered a burrow that had previously been inhabited by a conspecific female significantly more frequently than a burrow that had never been inhabited. The identity of the previous inhabitant also affected the number of spiders that chose to enter a burrow. Spiders were quicker to choose and enter a burrow previously inhabited by themselves than a burrow previously inhabited by a conspecific or a burrow that had not been previously inhabited. Hexane, methanol and dichloromethane extracts of conspecific silk elicited different responses from female tarantulas when extracts were placed on filter paper disks at one end of an experimental arena with a control filter paper disk, on to which the corresponding solvent alone had been pipetted, placed on the other end of the arena. Spiders showed the strongest responses to hexane extracts of silk, with a significant preference to move towards the hexane extract and a significantly greater period of time spent in proximity to the hexane extract compared to the control disk. Overall and in contrast to expectations, tarantulas were most strongly attracted to the cues left by other conspecific females. As encounters between B. vagans females usually lead to aggression and mortality of one of the participants, we conclude that chemical cues are not signals that are deliberately released by burrow-inhabiting females but may inadvertently escape and cannot be easily suppressed.