Process analysis of an industrial waste-to-energy plant: Theory and experiments

Thermal conversion is fundamental in an integrated waste management system due to the capability of reducing mass and volume of waste and recovering energy content from unrecyclable materials. Indeed, power generation from industrial solid wastes (ISW) is a topic of great interest for its appeal in the field of renewable energy production as well as for an increasing public concern related to its emissions. This paper is based on the process engineering and optimization analysis, commissioned to the University Campus-Biomedico of Rome by the MIDA Tecnologie Ambientali S.r.l. enterprise, ended up in the construction of an ISW thermo-conversion plant in Crotone (Southern Italy), where it is nowadays operating. The scientific approach to the process analysis is founded on a novel cascade numerical simulation of each plant section and it has been used initially in the process design step and after to simulate the performances of the industrial plant. In this paper, the plant process scheme is described together with the values of main operating parameters monitored during the experimental test runs. The thermodynamic and kinetic basics of the mathematical model for the simulation of the energy recovery and flue gas treatment sections are presented. Moreover, the simulation results, together with the implemented parameters, are given and compared to the experimental data for 10 specific plant test runs. It was found that the model is capable to predict the process performances in the energy production as well as in the gas treatment sections with high accuracy by knowing a set of measurable input variables. In the paper fundamental plant variables have been considered such as steam temperature, steam flow rate, power generated as well as temperature, flow rate and composition of the resulting flue gas; therefore, the mathematical model can be simply implemented as a reliable and efficient tool for management optimization of this kind of plants.     

千岛湖配水工程的环境成本估算——基于调水区支付意愿调查

由于水资源分布不均、水污染日趋严重,调水工程已不仅用以解决城市资源型缺水,也成为一些地区缓解水质型缺水问题的途径,但是这些耗资巨大的调水工程往往对周围自然生态环境可能产生巨大影响,可能带来的环境成本不容忽视。以千岛湖配水工程为例,通过在调水地进行实地调研和问卷调查,运用Tobit模型分析影响居民支付意愿的因素,基于意愿调查法(CVM)分析了建德市人民对千岛湖配水工程的生态环境影响的支付意愿,并以此估算该工程的环境成本。结果表明,调水地居民对恢复和改善可能破坏的生态环境的平均支付意愿约为每人每年377.6～542.1元,按照年配水量9.78亿 m³可以计算每吨水的环境成本约为0.15～0.21元。由此估算,工程期内千岛湖配水工程可能造成的环境成本总计约为5.80～8.28亿元,高于2014年公布的《杭州市第二水源千岛湖配水工程环境影响报告书》(下文简称《报告书》)中对该工程的环境经济影响评价3.70亿元。千岛湖配水工程的环境成本不容忽视,必须建立科学的生态补偿机制,加强监管;同时受水地也应积极加强污染治理和节约用水,共同解决城市水质型缺水问题。     

基于CVM的荆州市稻田生态系统的景观休闲旅游价值评价

采用条件价值评估法（Contingent Valuation Method,CVM）调查了荆州市居民对稻田生态系统景观休闲旅游功能的认知程度和支付意愿,对受访者的社会经济特征与支付意愿进行了相关性分析,并对荆州市稻田景观休闲旅游功能的价值进行了货币化评估。结果表明,居民对稻田景观休闲旅游功能的认知程度很低,对其十分了解的仅占3.5%,并且更侧重于旅游这一目的,达到61.1%。同时,78.7%的受访者认为稻田景观休闲旅游是赋有乡愁情感的。对影响受访者支付意愿的诸多因素进行相关性分析显示,稻田景观休闲旅游功能的支付意愿与受访者的文化程度（P=0.000）和月收入（P=0.004）呈极显著正相关。运用Logistic回归分析得出,文化程度对支付意愿的敏感性较大。按人均支付意愿计算,荆州市稻田生态系统景观休闲旅游的总价值约为4.43亿元     

Research on the transmission mechanism of low-carbon policies: an empirical study of agricultural companies

Companies bear primary responsibility for low-carbon economy, thus relevant low-carbon policies should be set properly to guide them and to ensure their low-carbon production effectively. To solve the problems generated during low-carbon development, this article verifies the existence of the transmission path and strength. This verification includes mediating variables of companies’ willingness and capacity to conduct low-carbon production, a transmission mechanism through incentive path and resources protection, and questionnaire data of agricultural companies. Conclusions show that the low-carbon policies have obvious positive effects on willingness of corporation; the basic service-oriented policy has a significantly promoting effect on low-carbon production capacity; and low-carbon production performance is positively influenced by willingness as well as capability. Aiming at a better transmission path, some corresponding recommendations have been put forward in the end.     

气候变化背景下人类活动对承德接坝区植被净初级生产力的影响

承德接坝区位于农牧过渡区,对气候变化和人类活动极为敏感.以植被净初级生产力(NPP)作为评价指标,基于Thornthwaite Memorial模型计算潜在NPP和MODIS NPP遥感影像获取实际NPP数据,利用潜在NPP与实际NPP间的差值衡量人类活动作用下NPP的大小,运用Slope趋势和变异系数法分析实际NPP、潜在NPP和人类活动作用下NPP的变化趋势及稳定性分布,并采用相关系数法分析实际NPP与年降水量和年均气温间的相关性,最终量化气候变化和人类活动对该区域植被变化的影响.结果表明,潜在NPP自西北向东南递增,其变化趋势和稳定性均为自西向东递增.实际NPP与年降水量和年均气温呈正相关区域面积占比分别是99.87%和91.66%.该区域99.85%的植被得到改善且变化稳定,主要是由气候因素和人类活动共同主导(99.71%),而植被退化完全是由人为因素所导致(0.15%).     

接种比例对酒糟与餐厨垃圾混合厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

采用酒糟与餐厨垃圾作为混合发酵物料,并接种消化污泥进行厌氧干式发酵,比较接种比例(inoculum to substrate ratios,ISRs)(VS质量比)分别为0.5、0.8、1.0、2.0时的甲烷产率和产量、体系VFA、碱度、游离氨等指标。结果表明:接种比例的提高可有效提高甲烷产生速率,缩短发酵周期,减弱较高浓度VFA引起的抑制作用。当ISRs=1.0时产甲烷效果较好,累计产甲烷率为222.58mL/g,VS去除率达83.4%,继续增加接种比例对发酵效果影响不显著。此外,试验中适宜的VFA/碱度值为0.3～1.2,过大或过小都有可能抑制产甲烷过程。     

Evaluation of the water quality of the Hakata River based on diatoms

We investigated the epilithic diatom assemblage of samples collected from three sites of the Hakata River, Fukuoka, Japan, on November 26, 2008. Each taxon was photographed and identified. The 1747 diatom frustules collected were classified into 33 taxa belonging to 17 genera. Nitzschia fonticola was abundant at all sites. The DAIpo (the diatom assemblage index to organic water pollution) values for sites 1, 2, and 3 were 50.2, 44.1 and 48.0, respectively, indicating that the water quality of the Hakata River was at β-mesosaprobic level.     

流域生态补偿意愿的WTP与WTA差异性研究: 基于辽河中游地区居民的CVM调查

如何揭示利益相关者生态补偿的真实意愿不但是生态系统服务支付研究的难点问题,也是政府及管理部门制定生态补偿政策的关键问题。为此,论文通过对辽河流域中游地区的7个主要城市进行实地调研,采用条件价值评估法,利用同一受访者同时测量其支付意愿值(WTP)和受偿意愿值(WTA)的技术手段来检验其真实补偿意愿,研究结果显示,受访地区居民保护流域生态环境和水资源的WTP为59.39元／(人·a),WTA为248.56／(人·a);同时,针对同一受访者给出的WTP与WTA之间的较大差异性利用回归分析方法,得出其呈现不对称性的主要原因是受访者的收入水平和年龄。最后,在对研究结果进行差异性分析的基础上,提出了辽河流域生态补偿意愿差异性的研究结论和政策建议。     

煤化工有机废水处理技术探讨—以煤制气项目为例

文章以煤制气项目为例,介绍了煤化工项目生产中有机废水的来源及特性,探讨了三种常用的煤化工废水处理方法。总结出多级生物处理法在煤制气有机废水处理的实用性,对今后煤制气有机废水处理的工作起到一定的指导意义。     

Seasonal to sub-seasonal variations of the Asian Tropopause Aerosols Layer affected by the deep convection, surface pollutants and precipitation

The Asian Tropopause Aerosols Layer (ATAL) refers to an accumulation of aerosols in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during boreal summer over Asia, which has a fundamental impact on the monsoon system and climate change. In this study, we primarily analyze the seasonal to sub-seasonal variations of the ATAL and the factors potentially influencing those variations based on MERRA2 reanalysis. The ability of the reanalysis to reproduce the ATAL is well validated by CALIPSO observations from May to October 2016. The results reveal that the ATAL has a synchronous spatiotemporal pattern with the development and movement of the Asian Summer Monsoon. Significant enhancement of ATAL intensity is found during the prevailing monsoon period of July–August, with two maxima centered over South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. Owing to the fluctuations of deep convection, the ATAL shows an episodic variation on a timescale of 7–12 days. Attribution analysis indicates that deep convection dominates the variability of the ATAL with a contribution of 62.7%, followed by a contribution of 36.6% from surface pollutants. The impact of precipitation is limited. The ATAL further shows a clear diurnal variation: the peak of ATAL intensity occurs from 17:30 to 23:30 local time (LT), when the deep convection becomes strongest; the minimum ATAL intensity occurs around 8:30 LT owing to the weakened deep convection and photochemical reactions in clouds. The aerosol components of the ATAL show different spatiotemporal patterns and imply that black carbon and organic carbon come mainly from India, whereas sulfate comes mainly from China during the prevailing monsoon period.