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41.
A coupled three-dimensional hydrodynamic–ecological model was used for the assessment of water quality in Narva Bay during one biologically active season. Narva Bay is located in the south-eastern Gulf of Finland. Narva River with a catchment’s area covering part of Russia and Estonia discharges water and nutrients to Narva Bay. The ecological model includes phytoplankton carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, chlorophyll a, zooplankton, detritus carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, inorganic nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus and dissolved oxygen as state variables. Both the hydrodynamic and ecosystem models were validated using a limited number of measurements. The hydrodynamic model validation included comparison of time series of currents and temperature and salinity profiles. The ecological model results were compared with the monitoring data of phytoplankton biomass, total nitrogen and phosphorus and dissolved oxygen. The comparison of hydrodynamic parameters, phytoplankton biomass, surface layer total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen and near-bottom layer total nitrogen was reasonable. Time series of spatially mean values and standard deviations of selected parameters were calculated for the whole Narva Bay. Combining model results and monitoring data, the characteristic concentrations of phytoplankton biomass, total nitrogen and phosphorus and near-bottom dissolved oxygen were estimated. Phytoplankton biomass and total phosphorus showed seasonal variations, of 0.6–1.1 and 0.022–0.032 mg/l, respectively, during spring bloom, 0.1–0.3 and 0.015–0.025 mg/l in summer and 0.2–0.6 and 0.017–0.035 mg/l during autumn bloom. Total nitrogen and near-bottom oxygen concentrations were rather steady, being 0.25–0.35 and 2–6 mg/l, respectively. The total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations show that according to the classification of Estonian coastal waters, Narva Bay water belongs to a good water quality class. 相似文献
42.
43.
Distribution and Statistical Analysis of Leachable and Total Heavy Metals in the Sediments of the Suez Gulf 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The concentrations of nine heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pd and Zn) in the labile and total fractions of muddy
and sandy sediment samples collected from twelve sites in Suez Gulf during April 1999 were studied to evaluate the pollution
status of the Suez Gulf. The enrichment factors (EF) for each element were calculated. There are extremely high concentrations
of Cd, Ni, Pb and slightly concentration of Cr and Cu in both muddy and sandy sediments. The concentration of Zn was moderately
high and can be considered as seriously contaminate Metal pollution index (MPI) shows high values ranged between 46 to 156
and 40 to 232 for both sandy and muddy sediments, respectively. Concentrations of heavy metals were normalized against iron
for total fraction in both of sandy and muddy sediments. Principal component analysis (PCA) was studied on the data matrix
obtained and represented three-factor model explaining 92.22% for labile and 88.82% for total fractions of muddy sediment.
The main source of contamination is the offshore oil fields and industrial wastes. This is largely a result of ineffective
and inefficient operation equipment, illegal discharge of dirty ballast water from tankers and lack of supervision and prosecution
of offenders. 相似文献
44.
Total mercury concentrations in different tissues of frigate tuna fish (Auxis thazard thazard) was determined by the cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry technique using an automatic mercury analyzer. A mixture
of HNO3, HClO4 and H2SO4 was used for complete oxidation of organic tissue. The concentration of mercury obtained was in the order Gills < Stomach
< Gonads < Intestine < Heart < Duodenum < Liver < Muscle. The concentration of total mercury detected in the edible muscle
tissue of the tuna fish tested ranged from 0.044 to 0.201 μg g−1 (mean = 0.108 μg g−1) wet weight. These levels are all within the maximum allowed/recommended level in fish (0.5 μg g−1 wet weight) set by the Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organisation (FAO/WHO) and are therefore unlikely to
constitute any significant mercury exposure to the general population because of consumption of tuna fish. The results of
the study suggest a relatively clean marine environment that has not been significantly impacted by mercury contamination
probably due to minimal industrial activity in the region. 相似文献
45.
Georgios K. Sylaios Vassilios A. Tsihrintzis 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2009,14(1):59-72
The nutrient dynamics of the Strymonikos and Ierissos Gulfs, two semienclosed coastal water bodies, are studied using a simple
steady-state budget model, according to the Land–Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone modeling guidelines. Strymon river
plume dynamics prevailed in the area of the Inner and Outer Srymonikos Gulfs, comprising two layers, while the Ierissos Gulf
was defined as a one-box system. Seasonal and mean annual model input data for river discharge, precipitation, evaporation,
and concentrations of salt, phosphorus, and nitrogen were obtained during four field campaigns. Results from the nitrogen
and phosphorus cycling revealed the importance of river discharge in the horizontal and vertical transport of these substances
within the system. Furthermore, it occurred that the major biogeochemical transformation of nitrogen and phosphorus takes
place in the immediate nearshore zone (Inner Strymonikos Gulf), while the outer system sustains its nutrient dependence on
oceanic exchanges. Therefore, under the summer low flow conditions, the river-influenced inner system acts as a net source
of nitrogen and phosphorus, while under increased Strymon River discharge, phosphorus is transferred to the biological material
(and the sediments), and the system moves to an autotrophic state. The outer system showed an opposite behavior being autotrophic
throughout the year and heterotrophic in February. The Ierissos Gulf, a system not directly influenced by significant river
discharge, experienced a seasonally independent behavior with net heterotrophic and denitrification processes prevailing.
Model scenarios demonstrated that phosphate concentration increases, even under low river flow conditions and stimulates primary
production in excess of respiration, resulting in nitrogen fixation prevalence in the Inner Strymonikos Gulf. 相似文献
46.
Arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) are among the most toxic metals/metalloids. The overall goal of this study was to investigate the bioaccumulation of these trace elements in Vallisneria neotropicalis, a key trophic species in aquatic environments. For this purpose, As and Hg concentrations were determined in sediments and natural populations of V. neotropicalis in sub-estuaries of Mobile Bay (Alabama, USA), differing with respect to past and present anthropogenic impact. Analyses indicate that the Fish River is the most contaminated among the sub-estuaries investigated; levels of As found in Fish River sediments fall within a range that could potentially cause adverse effects in biota. Sediment As concentrations were only moderately correlated with those in V. neotropicalis; no correlation was found between sediment and plant Hg levels. However, several parameters could have masked such potential relationships (e.g., differences in sediment characteristics and “biological dilution” phenomena). Results presented herein highlight the numerous parameters that can influence metal/metalloids accumulation in aquatic plants as well as species-specific responses to trace element contamination. Finally, this study underscores the need for further investigation into contaminant bioaccumulation in ecologically and economically important coastal environments. 相似文献
47.
The paper presents the application of thermal remote sensing for mapping hydrocarbon polluted sites. This has been achieved by mono-window algorithm for land surface temperature (LST) measurements, using multi-date band 6 data of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). The emissivity, transmittance and mean atmospheric temperature were used as critical factors to estimate LST. The changes in the surface emissivity due to oil pollution alter the apparent temperature, which was used as a recognition element to map out oil polluted surfaces. The LST contrast was successfully used to map spatial distribution of hydrocarbon pollution in the Burgan Oil field area of Kuwait. The methodology can be positively used to detect waste dumping, oil spills in oceans and ports, besides environmental management of oil pollution at or near the land surface. 相似文献
48.
Total mercury concentrations are summarized for environmental media and biota collected from near-coastal areas, several impacted by contaminant sources common to the Gulf of Mexico. Water, sediment, fish, blue crabs, oysters, clams, mussels, periphyton and seagrasses were collected during 1993–2002 from targeted areas affected by point and non-point source contaminants. Mean concentrations in water and sediment were 0.02 (±1 standard deviation = 0.06) μg l−1 and 96.3 (230.8) ng g−1 dry wt, respectively. Mean total mercury concentrations in fish, blue crabs, brackish clams and mussels were significantly greater than those in sediment, seagrass, colonized periphyton and oysters. Concentrations (ng g−1 dry wt) averaged 23.1 (two seagrass species), 220.1 (oysters), 287.8 (colonized periphyton), 604.0 (four species of freshwater mussels), 772.4 (brackish clam), 857.9 (blue crabs) and 933.1 (nine fish species). Spatial, intraspecific and interspecific variability in results limited most generalizations concerning the relative mercury contributions of different stressor types. However, concentrations were significantly greater for some biota collected from areas receiving wastewater discharges and golf course runoff (fish), agricultural runoff (oysters) and urban stormwater runoff (colonized periphyton and sediment). Marine water quality criteria and proposed sediment quality guidelines were exceeded in 1–12% of total samples. At least one seafood consumption guideline, criteria or screening value were exceeded in edible tissues of blue crabs (6% total samples) and nine fish species (8–33% total samples) but all residues were less than the US Federal Drug Administration action limit of 1.0 ppm and the few reported toxic effect concentrations available for the targeted biota. 相似文献
49.
海水脱硫方案因其具有运行费用低等优点受到青睐.近几年,随着电力的快速发展,渤海湾出现了三十多座发电厂,竞相采用海水脱硫方案.而渤海湾属于半封闭的海湾,湾内海水与外海海水交换周期至少长达200年,区域的海流最大流速仅为外海的50%,扩散条件不太理想,污染物的长期累积情况很难确定.那么在渤海湾海域建设的滨海电厂采用海水脱硫是否可行呢?分析研究认为不宜在渤海湾选择海水脱硫工艺. 相似文献
50.
Ester Heath Nives Ogrinc Jadran Faganeli Stefano Covelli 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2006,6(5-6):605-614
To reconstruct a history of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution in the Gulf of Trieste, one of the largest urbanized
areas in the Adriatic Sea, we analyzed three long sediment cores collected between 1996 and 1997. Concentrations of total
PAHs, the sum of 16 PAH compounds and six of their methylated analogues, in all three cores show a decrease from 600–800 ng
g−1, at the surface, to levels below 250 ng g−1 in deepest layers (down to 3 m). The same trend was shown with separate representative pyrogenic PAHs (pyrene, benzofluoranthene
and phenanthrene). Using Hg as a recent geochronological tracer, we observe an increasing input of PAHs since the beginning
of the 20th Century and, especially, after the Second World War coinciding with increasing industrialization and urbanization
of the region. This correlation is supported by PAH ratios that are indication of combustion processes and represent a marker
for anthropogenic inputs. No correlation exists between PAHs and black carbon within the core profiles, indicating two different
fractions of the ‘black carbon continuum’. 相似文献