The effect of larval and early adult experience on behavioural plasticity of the aphid parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphidius ervi</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera,Braconidae, Aphidiinae)

The relevance of the integration of preimaginal and eclosion experiences on the subsequent habitat preferences and mate finding by the adult has been rarely tested in holometabolous insects. In this work, the effect of larval and early adult experiences on the behavioural responses of adult males of the aphid parasitoid, Aphidius ervi, towards volatiles from the host–plant complex (HPC) and from conspecific females were evaluated. Two experience factors were considered: host diet (normal diet=ND; artificial diet=AD), and eclosion, i.e. extraction or non-extraction of the parasitoid larva from the parasitised aphid (extracted=EX; non-extracted=NE). Thus, four treatments were set up: ND/NE, ND/EX, AD/NE and AD/EX. Glass Y-tube olfactometers were used to investigate the responses of adult A. ervi males to the odour sources used. Males from the ND/NE treatment showed a shorter latency to the first choice of olfactometer arms, displayed a marked preference towards the HPC olfactometer arm, and spent more time in the HPC arm than males from the other treatments. Only the interaction of host diet and eclosion experiences proved to be relevant in explaining the differences in latency to first choice, time spent in olfactometers arms, and behaviours displayed in the olfactometer arms. These results show the importance of the integration of larval and eclosion experiences in the development of stereotyped responses of the adults. This process may involve memory retention from the preimaginal and emergence period, but further research is needed to disentangle the contribution of each stage. The response to conspecific females was much less affected by the treatments in relation to first arm choice and times in olfactometer arms, suggesting a pheromone-mediated behaviour, even though a prompter and more intense wing fanning courtship behaviour was registered in the ND/NE males compared to males from the AD/NE treatment. These results show that sexual behaviours are less affected by early experiences than behaviours related with finding a HPC for foraging or oviposition. Taken together, our results demonstrate for first time that larval and eclosion experiences affect in a differential way the early responses of the adult towards environment-derived cues and mate related cues.     

Territorial meadow pipit males (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Anthus pratensis</Emphasis>; Passeriformes) become more aggressive in female presence

Although mate guarding as prevention of extra-pair copulation is common among birds, evidence for aggressive behaviour involving physical contact related to mate guarding in passerines is scarce and cases of the presence of one partner directly influencing the aggressiveness of the other are lacking. We investigated the intra-specific territorial behaviour of male meadow pipits (Anthus pratensis; Passeriformes: Motacillidae) at the beginning of the breeding season by placing a pipit model accompanied by an intra-specific song playback in the territory of socially paired males and compared the responses of males whose mates were physically present during trials with those whose females were out of sight. The level of aggression of males was significantly higher in the presence of the female; half of the males in this group physically attacked the model (the most intense and risky aggressive behaviour). Physical attacks did not occur among males whose female was absent during the trial; response to the playback by most of these males was only weak. This pattern may be related to the prevention of extra-pair copulation; if the risks involved in the conflict are outweighed by potential loss of paternity, such aggressive mate guarding may pay off. The apparently overlooked effect on the territorial behaviour of a partner’s passive physical presence during conflict should be further evaluated because it may be important for the design and interpretation of results of behavioural experiments.     

塑料大气环境老化预测模型研究

目的为塑料老化行为预测提供简易而可靠的途径,充分发挥环境效应数据的内在价值。方法分别运用GM(1,1)模型、幂函数模型、指数函数模型、多项式模型预测9种工程塑料在3种典型大气环境下的拉伸强度、延伸率和弯曲强度等力学性能变化,并与自然环境试验实测结果进行比较。结果拉伸强度、延伸率、弯曲强度等3种力学性能中,弯曲强度预测效果最好,延伸率预测效果最差。4种模型之中,GM(1,1)模型在预测小样本数据方面具有最好的预测效果和最高的正确率,且在数据具有一定波动性的情况下仍能够保持较好的预测效果。结论在挖掘分析塑料大气老化评价指标和试验时间之间的函数关系时,不仅要考虑预测模型的拟合效果好坏、相关系数高低、预测误差和预测正确率高低,还应注意预测模型反映出来的塑料性能变化规律是否符合客观实际,这样得到的预测模型才能尽可能地反映塑料老化程度与试验时间关系的全貌。     

Surface water treatment benefits from the presence of algae: Influence of algae on the coagulation behavior of polytitanium chloride

• Emerging titanium coagulation was high-efficient for algae-laden water treatment. • Polytitanium coagulation was capable for both algae and organic matter removal. • Surface water purification was improved by around 30% due to algae inclusion. • Algae functioned as flocculant aid to assist polytitanium coagulation. • Algae could enhance charge neutralization capability of polytitanium coagulant. Titanium-based coagulation has proved to be effective for algae-laden micro-polluted water purification processes. However, the influence of algae inclusion in surface water treatment by titanium coagulation is barely reported. This study reports the influence of both Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis wesenbergii in surface water during polytitanium coagulation. Jar tests were performed to evaluate coagulation performance using both algae-free (controlled) and algae-laden water samples, and floc properties were studied using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer for online monitoring. Results show that polytitanium coagulation can be highly effective in algae separation, removing up to 98% from surface water. Additionally, the presence of algae enhanced organic matter removal by up to 30% compared to controlled water containing only organic matter. Polytitanium coagulation achieved significant removal of fluorescent organic materials and organic matter with a wide range of molecular weight distribution (693–4945 Da) even in the presence of algae species in surface water. The presence of algae cells and/or algal organic matter is likely to function as an additional coagulant or flocculation aid, assisting polytitanium coagulation through adsorption and bridging effects. Although the dominant coagulation mechanisms with polytitanium coagulant were influenced by the coagulant dosage and initial solution pH, algae species in surface water could enhance the charge neutralization capability of the polytitanium coagulant. Algae-rich flocs were also more prone to breakage with strength factors approximately 10% lower than those of algae-free flocs. Loose structure of the flocs will require careful handling of the flocs during coagulation-sedimentation-filtration processes.     

消费价值差对绿色消费行为意向的影响

文章基于文献分析,提出了消费价值差模型,并以此结合量表和结构方程模型来检验消费价值差对消费者绿色商品的消费意向与市场需求的影响。研究结果说明,消费价值差越大,绿色消费行为意向和市场需求程度越低,其中效用价值差与环境价值差的反向影响最大。鉴于上述结论,政府及企业在制定相关政策及设计推广绿色商品时,应重视消费者的认知和情感需求,并针对不同群体开展具有差异性的环保宣教工作。     

钢筋混凝土异形柱框架结构抗震性能试验研究

钢筋混凝土异形柱框架的抗震性能，特别是它在高烈度地震下的抗震性能，一直是结构抗震研究的重点问题。为了配合正在编制的《钢筋混凝土异形柱技术规程》，进一步探讨这种结构体系的适用性，针对昆明市某实际工程，按8度区Ⅲ类场地的情形，进行了1榀3层2跨钢筋混凝土异形柱框架1／3比例模型的拟静力试验，研究这种结构在低周反复荷载作用下延性、变形特性和滞回特性。试验研究表明，这种钢筋混凝土异形柱框架抗震性能良好。     

南宁膨胀土加载-卸载试验及蠕变特性

利用固结仪对南宁膨胀土进行了一维加载-卸载实验,得到了加载-卸载条件下的应力应变关系。试验结果表明,土样加载或卸载时,以瞬时变形为主,其后随着时间的推移,迅速出现衰减蠕变或回弹变形,但最后仍然留下部分残余变形;含水率和应力水平越高,其塑性和流变特性越明显。根据压缩曲线和回弹曲线分析得到,膨胀土的变形由瞬时弹性变形、瞬时塑性变形,弹性滞后变形等组成。探索了膨胀土流变元件模型的组成形式,并通过拟合确定了相关的流变参数.所得结果可供膨胀土流变问题的进一步研究参考。     

Cr(VI)-DBAV-TritonX-100析相光度法测定微量铬(VI)的研究

研究了Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）ＤＢＡＶＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ１００析相显色体系,建立测定微量铬（ＶＩ）的析相光度法。在ｐＨ４５的乙酸—乙酸钠介质中,Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）、ＤＢＡＶ、ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ１００加热形成配合物,于９５℃恒温水浴中加热析相１ｈ,即被ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ１００相完全富集,最大吸收峰为５５６ｎｍ,铬（ＶＩ）含量在０～４μｇ／５ｍｌ服从比耳定律,采用７３２阳离子交换树脂分离干扰离子,测定水样中微量铬（ＶＩ）,结果满意。