金华市大气降水的化学组成特征及来源解析

对2004年大气降水样品监测资料的综合分析和研究表明,金华市降水样品pH值的分布范围在3.64~6.76之间,降水的酸雨率为79.3%。SO24-和NO-3是降水中主要的阴离子,分别占降水中阴离子总量的66.1%和21.7%。NH 4和Ca2 是降水中含量最高的阳离子,分别占阴离子总量的56.6%和33.4%。降水中这些离子的浓度水平一般比世界上其它地方高,但大大低于国内的北方地区。由于降水中缺乏足够的中和物质,大约76%的降水酸度被NH 4、Ca2 和K 等碱性成分中和。陆源型离子Ca2 、Mg2 和K 以及海盐性离子Na 和Cl-之间存在明显的相关关系,另外Ca2 和SO24-、Mg2 和SO24-、Mg2 和NO-3以及Mg2 和Cl-之间也可以观察到比较好的相关关系。土壤和海水的富集系数表明,研究区域的Ca2 和K 主要来源于岩石/土壤风化,SO24-和NO-3主要归因于人为活动的影响。     

淮南市降水化学组成特征与来源分析

2013—2014年,逐次采集淮南城市大气降水样品,对其离子化学组分进行分析测试,并利用酸度分析、中和因子和富集系数等方法对其酸碱物质平衡和离子来源进行了分析。化学组分分析结果表明,淮南城市降水pH为6.23~7.03,雨量加权平均值为6.68,整体上降水没有呈现酸化,大部分酸性物质能被碱性物质中和。主要阴离子为SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-,雨量加权平均值分别为147.02、62.16μeq/L,两者分别占阴离子总浓度的60.3%、25.3%;主要阳离子为Ca~(2+)、NH_4~+,雨量加权平均值分别为126.42、96.43μeq/L,分别占阳离子总浓度的44.9%、34.3%。利用富集系数法计算结果表明,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-主要来源于人为活动排放,Cl~-主要为海洋输入,而Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+则主要来自陆源输入和人为活动。     

《大气污染防治行动计划》对郑州市冬季PM2.5浓度及化学组成影响

基于《大气污染防治行动计划》实施前后,在污染严重的冬季（2013年和2018年12月同期）,采集郑州市监测站的PM_2.5样品,分析PM_2.5化学组成,通过对比分析PM_2.5中的EC、OC、水溶性离子和金属元素的浓度变化来评估PM_2.5浓度及化学组成的变化,同时选取不同阶段重污染过程,探究PM_2.5浓度及组成的变化. 结果表明：①郑州市冬季ρ（PM_2.5）平均值由2013年的（215.38 ±107.28） μg·m^-3 下降至2018年的（77.45 ±49.81） μg·m^-3,下降率高达64%. ②PM_2.5中EC、K⁺、SO₄^2-和Cl^-,分别下降了85%、80%、78%和72%;OC、NH₄⁺和NO₃^-下降幅度较小,分别为50%、41%和32%. ③与2013年冬季相比,2018年冬季OC/EC的值升高了2.6倍,二次有机碳在OC中占比升高至57%;同时,硫氧化率和氮氧化率的值分别升高了1.5倍和1.0倍,表明郑州市二次污染较为严重,二次转化程度升高. ④NO₃^-/SO₄^2-（质量比）由2013年的0.8 ±0.2升高至2018年2.5 ±1.0,表明郑州市移动源贡献上升并且超过固定源成为冬季大气污染的主要来源. ⑤不同阶段重污染过程对比结果显示,与2013年相比,2018年重污染过程中PM_2.5浓度下降显著,峰值浓度下降了61%,主要化学组成由OC、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺变为OC、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺. 研究结果表明郑州市一次排放源管控取得了显著的成效,但二次生成对PM_2.5贡献呈现升高趋势,因此未来需要关注二次生成的影响.     

不同农业利用方式下湘南第四纪红壤的粘粒矿物学组成与表面电荷特性

用X-射线衍射分析技术和化学方法研究不同农业利用方式对湘南第四纪红粘土及其发育土壤的粘粒矿物学组成和表面电荷特性的影响．结果表明：湘南第四纪红壤的粘粒矿物组成以高岭石为主，其次是1．4nm过渡矿物．经过人为耕种尤其在水田条件下，蛭石和水云母的含量增加，铁的活化度增大．土壤表面电荷数量（CECpH3.2、CECp、CECv、AEC）和电荷零点（pH）的值也发生相应的改变．     

Development of categorical mapping for quantitative assessment of eutrophication

Spatial distribution of nutrient and phytoplankton variables is often illustrated using categorical mapping for each variable. However, the assessment of eutrophication cannot be derived from a single parameter since a synthesis of the environmental variables related to eutrophication is required. These shortcomings are further complicated since it is difficult to discriminate between distinct trophic states along natural environmental gradients. In the present work, a methodological procedure for quantitative assessment of eutrophication at a spatial scale was examined in the Gulf of Saronicos, Greece, based on a thematic map generated from the synthesis of four variables characterising eutrophication. The categorical map of each variable was developed using the Kriging interpolation method and four trophic levels were indicated (eutrophic, upper-mesotrophic, lower-mesotrophic and oligotrophic) based on nutrient and phytoplankton concentration scaling. Multi-criteria choice methods were applied to generate a final categorical map showing the four trophic levels in the area. This synthesis of categorical maps for assessing eutrophication at a spatial scale is proposed as a methodological procedure appropriate for coastal management studies.     

Developing an empirical model of phytoplankton primary production: a neural network case study

We describe the development of a neural network model for estimating primary production of phytoplankton. Data from an enriched estuary in the eastern United States, Chesapeake Bay, were used to train, validate and test the model. Two error backpropagation multilayer perceptrons were trained: a simpler one (3-5-1) and a more complex one (12-5-1). Both neural networks outperformed conventional empirical models, even though only the latter, which exploits a larger suite of predictive variables, provided truly accurate outputs. The application of this neural network model is thoroughly discussed and the results of a sensitivity analysis are also presented.     

Microbial responses to the use of NaClO in sediment treatment

• Chlorine addition enhanced the release of TOC, TN from the sediment. • Chlorine has a long-term negative effect on microbial richness. • Usually enzymes lose activity, and expression of genes was downregulated. • Carbon degradation and nitrification might be strongly inhibited. Chlorine is often used in algal removal and deodorization of landscape waters, and occasionally used as an emergency treatment of heavily polluted sediments. However, the ecological impact of this practice has not been fully studied and recognized. In this study, NaClO at 0.1 mmol/g based on dry weight sediment was evenly mixed into the polluted sediment, and then the sediment was incubated for 150 days to evaluate its microbial effect. Results showed that NaClO addition enhanced the release of TOC, TN, Cr and Cu from the sediment. The microbial richness in the examined sediment decreased continuously, and the Chao1 index declined from 4241 to 2731, in 150 days. The microbial community composition was also changed. The abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased to 54.8% and 4.2% within 7 days compared to the control, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed gram-negative bacteria and aerobic bacteria enriched after chlorination. The functional prediction with PICRUSt2 showed the functions of the microbial community underwent major adjustments, and the metabolic-related functions such as carbon metabolism, including pyruvate and methane metabolisms were significantly inhibited; besides, 15 out of 22 analyzed key enzymes involved in C cycling and 6 out of 12 key enzymes or genes involved in N cycling were strongly impacted, and the enzymes and genes involved in carbon degradation and denitrification showed remarkable downregulation. It can be concluded that chlorination posed a seriously adverse effect on microbial community structure and function. This study deepens the understanding of the ecological effects of applying chlorine for environmental remediation.     

广东某大型城市生活垃圾焚烧厂9种重金属的迁移特征

采集广东某大型城市生活垃圾焚烧厂一期(WI-A)和二期(WI-B)的进厂垃圾、渗滤液、飞灰、底渣和烟气样品,分析了各样品中砷、镉、钴、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅、锌共9种重金属含量,研究重金属的迁移特征。结果显示,9种重金属呈现4类不同的迁移特征,钴、铜、镍、铬主要迁移至底渣中,锌、砷、铅主要迁移至底渣和飞灰中,镉主要迁移至飞灰中,汞主要迁移至飞灰和烟气中。活性炭吸附和布袋除尘器的组合对除汞以外的重金属治理效果明显。WI-A和WI-B垃圾中的汞分别约有28%、37%随烟气排到环境中。     

2010—2019年台州市市区降水化学组成特征及变化趋势

为了解台州市市区大气降水化学成分组成特征及变化规律,对2010—2019年台州市市区降水监测数据进行了统计分析。结果表明:2010—2019年降水样品pH为4.20～4.84夏高冬低,强酸性降水频率下降显著,电导率平均值为3.16 mS/cm。SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-是降水中最主要的阴离子,NH_4~+和Ca~(2+)是降水中最主要的阳离子。Ca~(2+)浓度在2018年开始有所抬升,SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-浓度整体呈波动下降趋势。SO_4~(2-)与NO_3~-浓度比均值为1.50,呈下降趋势,同大气中SO_2与NO_2的质量浓度比变化趋势基本一致。SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-相关性显著,Cl~-、Na~+及Mg~(2+)三者之间具有较好相关性。降水与气态污染物相关性不大,对颗粒物有明显冲刷去除作用。SO_2和NO_x的排放量显著下降,酸雨污染呈现改善过程。     

2001～2003年间北京大气降水的化学特征

为了了解北京大气降水的化学组成与时间变化特征,连续进行了2年的降雨采样与分析.在65个降雨样品中,12%的降水呈酸性;全年降水的酸度主要取决于夏季的降水.SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺与Ca²⁺是含量最丰富的组分,其平均浓度均接近或超过200礶q/L.比较分析表明,在近几年,SO₄^2-对降水酸度的贡献显著降低,降水的硫污染特征减弱,而No₃^-的贡献显著增加.人为污染元素和地壳元素的浓度均在冬春季较高,在夏季最低.